Anthocyanin Extracted from Black Soybean Seed Coats Prevents Autoimmune Arthritis by Suppressing the Development of Th17 Cells and Synthesis of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Such Cells, via Inhibition of NF-κB

Abstract

IntroductionOxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anthocyanin is a plant antioxidant. We investigated the therapeutic effects of anthocyanin extracted from black soybean seed coats (AEBS) in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and explored possible mechanisms by which AEBS might exert anti-arthritic effects.Material and MethodsCIA was induced in DBA/1J mice. Cytokine levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Joints were assessed in terms of arthritis incidence, clinical arthritis scores, and histological features. The extent of oxidative stress in affected joints was determined by measuring the levels of nitrotyrosine and inducible nitric oxide synthase. NF-κB activity was assayed by measuring the ratio of phosphorylated IκB to total IκB via Western blotting. Th17 cells were stained with antibodies against CD4, IL-17, and STAT3. Osteoclast formation was assessed via TRAP staining and measurement of osteoclast-specific mRNA levels.ResultsIn the CIA model, AEBS decreased the incidence of arthritis, histological inflammation, cartilage scores, and oxidative stress. AEBS reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in affected joints of CIA mice and suppressed NF-κB signaling. AEBS decreased Th17 cell numbers in spleen of CIA mice. Additionally, AEBS repressed differentiation of Th17 cells and expression of Th17-associated genes in vitro, in both splenocytes of naïve DBA/1J mice and human PBMCs. In vitro, the numbers of both human and mouse tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase+ (TRAP) multinucleated cells fell, in a dose-dependent manner, upon addition of AEBS.ConclusionsThe anti-arthritic effects of AEBS were associated with decreases in Th17 cell numbers, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines synthesized by such cells, mediated via suppression of NF-κB signaling. Additionally, AEBS suppressed osteoclastogenesis and reduced oxidative stress levels.

Evaluation of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench germplasm based on agro-morphological traits and the rutin and quercetin content of seeds under spring cultivation

“…Additionally, several studies conducted on other major crop plants have also revealed an association between the seed color and phenolic components (Zhang et al 2010;Shao et al 2011;Wang et al 2015). Although higher flavonoid content was reported in the seed coats than in the embryos of soybean and rice (Bordiga et al 2014;Min et al 2015), it has been emphasized that the type and quantity of flavonoids in seed coats and embryos may be related to plant genotype (Hou et al 2017). Furthermore, Shen et al (2009) andShao et al (2014) found that black-and red-colored rice grains contain higher flavonoid content than white-colored grains.…”

Evaluation of total flavonoid content and analysis of related EST-SSR in Chinese peanut germplasm

“…Research on soybean and rice has shown that the flavonoid content in the seed coat is higher than in the embryo per unit of seeds (Bordiga et al 2014, Min et al 2015. Research has also indicated that the flavonol content in rice embryos is much higher than that in seed coats (Galland et al 2014); however, few studies have analyzed the flavonoid content in peanut seed embryos.…”

Upregulation of Akt/NF-κB-regulated inflammation and Akt/Bad-related apoptosis signaling pathway involved in hepatic carcinoma process: suppression by carnosic acid nanoparticle

“…Currently, many studies are involved in CA, regulating effects of inflammatory reaction and apoptotic activity. 48,49 Therefore, regarding the significant ability of inflammatory inhibition and apoptotic induction in liver cancer cells of our nanoparticle CA, it is illustrated that the natural compound of nanoparticle CA has high potential to suppress the liver cancer growth and could be used as a promising anticancer drug. However, prospective researches should be conducted for full understanding of the functional mechanism of CA nanoparticle at the molecular level.…”