Anthocyanin Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and Other Berries

Abstract

The anthocyanin composition and antioxidant activity of the crowberry ( Empetrum nigrum) were studied. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with a diode array detector and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were used for identification and quantification of individual anthocyanins. Freeze-dried crowberry powder was extracted with 80% methanol containing 0.5% acetic acid and subjected to HPLC. Thirteen kinds of anthocyanins were identified. The major anthocyanins were cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin-3-galactoside, at 8.04 and 8.62 mg/g extract, respectively. The HPLC profile of crowberry extract was similar to bilberry and blueberry. The total content of anthocyanins in crowberry was 41.8 mg/g extract, higher than the other nine major berry species (2.5-38.8 mg/g extract). The antioxidant activity was also evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical quenching assays and the ferric reducing activity power assy. Crowberry extract exerted the strongest antioxidant activity. In conclusion, individual anthocyanins in crowberry were identified and then quantified in this study. Additionally, crowberry is suggested to be associated with a reduction in the risk of developing chronic diseases because of its strong antioxidant activity.

Comparison of the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Korean black raspberry, Bokbunja, (Rubus coreanusMiquel) with those of six other berries

“…These results were similar to the DPPH • free radical scavenging effects. Our results are in general agreement with earlier studies (Ogawa et al, 2008;Pellegrini et al, 2003). Reducing power and FRAP assays are also based on electron-transfer reaction, the reduction of ferric (Fe 3+ ) to ferrous (Fe 2+ ), which is accomplished in the presence of antioxidants.…”

Antioxidant Activities of Chokeberry Extracts and the Cytotoxic Action of Their Anthocyanin Fraction on HeLa Human Cervical Tumor Cells

“…Our values for scavenging activity toward the ABTS + c radical are similar to that reported in a recent study: 37.44 mg of Trolox/g of sample. 31 Considering that the water content of berries is around 85% of the fresh mass, 32 our data are also in the same range of concentration with scavenging effect expressed as dry weight: 439.4 lM Trolox/100 g dry weight. 33 FRAP assay values are summarized in Table 2 Compared with FRAP, the CUPRAC assay is carried out at pH 7.0, close to physiological pH, and the reaction assay involves faster kinetics.…”

Anthocyanins in Mesocarp/Epicarp and Endocarp of Fresh Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and their Antioxidant Activities and Bioavailability

“…Anthocyanins from açai and the berries were extracted according to the method reported by Ogawa et al (2008) with some modifications. Briefly, the stored freeze-dried samples (each 200 mg) were added to 8 mL of 80% ethanol containing 0.5% acetic acid.…”

“…Generally, anthocyanidins widely exist as glycoside derivatives, so-called anthocyanins, in colored fruits and vegetables, such as berries (Sakakibara, et al, 2003;Maatta-Riihinen, et al, 2004;Wu, et al, 2006;Koponen, et al, 2007;Ogawa, et al, 2008). Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins have been shown to exhibit a range of biological effects, including antioxidant activity, anticarcinogenesis, induction of apoptosis, anti-obesity, antidiabetes, and prevention of DNA damage (Rice-Evans, et al, 1996;Sakakibara, et al, 2002;Hou, 2003;Katsube, et al, 2003;Tsuda, et al, 2003;Cooke, et al, 2006;Duthie, 2007;Sasaki, et al, 2007;Tsuda, 2008).…”