Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Transport: New Insights from Model Species

Pourcel, Lucille; Bohórquez-Restrepo, Andrés; Irani, Niloufer G.; Grotewold, Erich

doi:10.1002/9781118299753.ch6

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…For example, recently Poustka et al (2007) and Pourcel et al (2010), using wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings with 3-5 days germination and tt5, 5gt, and atg mutant seedlings (transparent testa loci, mutants that fail to glycosilate anthocyianidins at the 5-O-position, mutants that interfere with the autophagic process, respectively) as a model to understand how anthocyanin are accumulated, they show that anthocyanins in Arabidopsis can be accumulated as part of subvacuolar pigment bodies, the anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). The results suggest novel mechanisms for the formation of sub-vacuolar compartments capable of accumulating secondary metabolites (Pourcel et al 2012). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Secondary metabolites during early development in plants

2012

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Early development is a critical stage in a plant's life, as the plant must establish itself in the ecosystem during this period. The secondary metabolites (SM) during this phase is a strategy that contributes to the survival of plant species. Through a review of the literature, a number of reports were found that investigated the presence of SM during germination and early plant development (phases 0 and 1 according to the Zadoks and BBCH scales). A total of 250 reports were found that investigated 99 species and nearly 200 SM that accumulate during this period of the plant life cycle. A large portion of the SM are biosynthesised de novo, whereas the remainder are derived in part or in total from the mother plant. In many cases, the resources for biosynthesis are supplied only by the reserve material of the endosperm or cotyledons, which allows for independent photosynthesis. The presence of SM at these stages confers characteristics of more advanced stages, such as tissue-specific distribution, spatio-temporal regulation, and the individual regulation of all of the biosynthesised SM. The amount and diversity of SM are not universally related to the progress of plant development, but it is a widespread phenomenon. The early production of SM has ecological implications that involve defence mechanisms, relationships with microorganisms, and the role of these compounds as nitrogen reserves. This review contributes to the systematisation of studies on SM in the early stages of development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Secondary metabolites during early development in plants

2012

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“…Over the past few decades, the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway has been well established by using petunia ( Petunia hybrida ), snapdragon ( Anfirrhinum majus ), Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) and maize ( Zea mays ) as models [ 17 , 18 ]. Briefly, the biosynthesis of flavonoid starts with the condensation of one molecule of p -coumaroyl-CoA (derived from the general phenylpropanoid pathway) with three molecules of malonyl-CoA, resulting in naringenin chalcone and this reaction is conducted by chalcone synthase (CHS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of Chalcone Synthase from Freesia hybrid in Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway

et al. 2015

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Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first committed step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, the cDNA (FhCHS1) encoding CHS from Freesia hybrida was successfully isolated and analyzed. Multiple sequence alignments showed that both the conserved CHS active site residues and CHS signature sequence were found in the deduced amino acid sequence of FhCHS1. Meanwhile, crystallographic analysis revealed that protein structure of FhCHS1 is highly similar to that of alfalfa CHS2, and the biochemical analysis results indicated that it has an enzymatic role in naringenin biosynthesis. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the transcript levels of FhCHS1 in flowers and different tissues, and patterns of FhCHS1 expression in flowers showed significant correlation to the accumulation patterns of anthocyanin during flower development. To further characterize the functionality of FhCHS1, its ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana tt4 mutants and Petunia hybrida was performed. The results showed that overexpression of FhCHS1 in tt4 mutants fully restored the pigmentation phenotype of the seed coats, cotyledons and hypocotyls, while transgenic petunia expressing FhCHS1 showed flower color alteration from white to pink. In summary, these results suggest that FhCHS1 plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of flavonoid in Freesia hybrida and may be used to modify the components of flavonoids in other plants.

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“…They have been reported to exhibit important physiological functions, such as antioxidative [3] , [4] , antimutagenic [5] and anticancer activities [6] , [7] . Anthocyanin biosynthesis has been well characterized in several plants, such as Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ), maize ( Zea mays ), snapdragon ( Anfirrhinum majus ) and petunia ( Petunia hybrida ) [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] . First, the upstream phenylpropanoid pathway converts the substrate L-phenylalanine to 4-coumarate CoA using phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DFR uses NADPH as a cofactor to catalyze the reduction of dihydroflavonols to their respective colorless, unstable leucoanthocyanidins, which are common precursors for anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis [10] , [18] , [19] , [20] . Studies have demonstrated that deactivation of the DFR gene results in the loss of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin in mutants of barley and Arabidopsis [21] , [22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Purple Sweet Potato Underlies the Direct Evidence of Anthocyanins Function against Abiotic Stresses

et al. 2013

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Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme in the catalysis of the stereospecific reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cv. Ayamurasaki, expression of the IbDFR gene was strongly associated with anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, stems and roots. Overexpression of the IbDFR in Arabidopsis tt3 mutants fully complemented the pigmentation phenotype of the seed coat, cotyledon and hypocotyl. Downregulation of IbDFR expression in transgenic sweet potato (DFRi) using an RNAi approach dramatically reduced anthocyanin accumulation in young leaves, stems and storage roots. In contrast, the increase of flavonols quercetin-3-O-hexose-hexoside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside in the leaves and roots of DFRi plants is significant. Therefore, the metabolic pathway channeled greater flavonol influx in the DFRi plants when their anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation were decreased. These plants also displayed reduced antioxidant capacity compared to the wild type. After 24 h of cold treatment and 2 h recovery, the wild-type plants were almost fully restored to the initial phenotype compared to the slower recovery of DFRi plants, in which the levels of electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were dramatically increased. These results provide direct evidence of anthocyanins function in the protection against oxidative stress in the sweet potato. The molecular characterization of the IbDFR gene in the sweet potato not only confirms its important roles in flavonoid metabolism but also supports the protective function of anthocyanins of enhanced scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals in plants under stressful conditions.

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Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Transport: New Insights from Model Species

Cited by 16 publications

References 126 publications

Secondary metabolites during early development in plants

Secondary metabolites during early development in plants

Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of Chalcone Synthase from Freesia hybrid in Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway

Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Purple Sweet Potato Underlies the Direct Evidence of Anthocyanins Function against Abiotic Stresses

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