Anthelmintic Resistance as a Guide to the Discovery of New Drugs?

Samson‐Himmelstjerna, Georg von; Prichard, Roger K.; Wolstenholme, Adrian J.

doi:10.1002/9783527626816.ch2

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Drug Resistance Drug resistance is increasingly common across all parasites [40]. The problem is significantparticularly with regard to resistance to anthelmintics in sheep, goats, cattle, and horsesalthough severity differs by geographic location iv,v [41]. Drug resistance is also problematic in parasites of poultry (e.g., resistance to anticoccidials) [42].…”

Section: Major Drivers Of Future Innovationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiparasitics in Animal Health: Quo Vadis?

Selzer

Epe

2021

Trends in Parasitology

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Antiparasitics acting on endo-or ectoparasites represent the second largest segment of the global animal health market, accounting for 23% of market share. However, relatively few novel antiparasitic agents have been introduced into the market during recent decades. One exception, and a groundbreaking 21st century success story, are the isoxazolines, whose full potential has not yet been entirely explored. Unfortunately, resistance issues are present across most parasitic diseases, which generates a clear market need for novel resistance-breaking antiparasitics with new modes/mechanisms of action. Recent advances in science and technologies strongly suggest that the time is right to invest in new modalities such as parasitic vaccines or in environmentally friendly interventions. The Animal Health IndustryAnimal health is focused on the management and control of diseases in order to ensure the health of both livestock (see Glossary) and companion animals. The global market for animal health products approaches €30 billion per year, with an annual growth rate outstripping that of human medicine. Products include biologicals (e.g., vaccines), antiparasitics/parasiticides, anti-infectives (e.g., antibiotics, antifungals), other pharmaceuticals (e.g., antihypertensives, antidiabetics), and medical feed additives (Figure 1, Key Figure). The current animal health market is understood to be driven primarily by three factors:(i) Pet owners, farmers, and veterinarians prefer more technically advanced and more convenient treatments. (ii) The growing world population increasingly demands affordable sources of protein from food animals and animal products, requiring improvements in livestock health care. (iii) The development of resistance requires new resistance-breaking preventatives and treatments.Due to the high economic impact and the immediate relevance for animal health, antiparasitics, also referred to as parasiticides, currently represent the second largest segment of the global animal health markettaking turns almost on a yearly basis with biologicals as the largest segmentaccounting for €7 billion in sales (23% of the market share) (Figures 1 and 2).In addition, animal health plays an important role in furthering the 'One Health' initiative, which is dedicated to improving the lives of all specieshuman and animalthrough the integration of human medicine, veterinary medicine, and environmental science i . The 'Antiparasitics Focus' of the Animal Health IndustryParasitic infections account for some of the most significant diseases worldwide, in both animals and humans, and are of enormous socioeconomic importance. Despite significant treatment advances in the preceding half century, they remain a major threat to livestock farming and cause large deficits for the agricultural economy. Effective parasite control is thus essential for profitability in intensive livestock production [1,2]. HighlightsAntiparasitics for the treatment of companion animals and livestock is one of the largest global market segments in the ani...

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Section: Major Drivers Of Future Innovationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiparasitics in Animal Health: Quo Vadis?

Selzer

Epe

2021

Trends in Parasitology

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“…However, benzimidazole anthelminthics may also select on some ABC transporter genes [91] , [92] . Furthermore, changes in the isotype β-tubulin gene are known to cause benzimidazole resistance [93] , while IVM also selects on the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene of some nematode parasites [74] – [76] . Thus, a combination of ABZ and IVM may be useful in terms of broadening the spectrum/efficacy of the combination, compared with each anthelmintic individually, but it may not reduce the rate of selection for resistance to one or both components of the combination.…”

Section: The Need For Optimising Existing and Developing Novel Intervmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Research Agenda for Helminth Diseases of Humans: Intervention for Control and Elimination

et al. 2012

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Recognising the burden helminth infections impose on human populations, and particularly the poor, major intervention programmes have been launched to control onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases, schistosomiasis, and cysticercosis. The Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections (DRG4), established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), was given the mandate to review helminthiases research and identify research priorities and gaps. A summary of current helminth control initiatives is presented and available tools are described. Most of these programmes are highly dependent on mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelmintic drugs (donated or available at low cost) and require annual or biannual treatment of large numbers of at-risk populations, over prolonged periods of time. The continuation of prolonged MDA with a limited number of anthelmintics greatly increases the probability that drug resistance will develop, which would raise serious problems for continuation of control and the achievement of elimination. Most initiatives have focussed on a single type of helminth infection, but recognition of co-endemicity and polyparasitism is leading to more integration of control. An understanding of the implications of control integration for implementation, treatment coverage, combination of pharmaceuticals, and monitoring is needed. To achieve the goals of morbidity reduction or elimination of infection, novel tools need to be developed, including more efficacious drugs, vaccines, and/or antivectorial agents, new diagnostics for infection and assessment of drug efficacy, and markers for possible anthelmintic resistance. In addition, there is a need for the development of new formulations of some existing anthelmintics (e.g., paediatric formulations). To achieve ultimate elimination of helminth parasites, treatments for the above mentioned helminthiases, and for taeniasis and food-borne trematodiases, will need to be integrated with monitoring, education, sanitation, access to health services, and where appropriate, vector control or reduction of the parasite reservoir in alternative hosts. Based on an analysis of current knowledge gaps and identification of priorities, a research and development agenda for intervention tools considered necessary for control and elimination of human helminthiases is presented, and the challenges to be confronted are discussed.

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