Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts and Active Compounds From Diospyros anisandra on Ancylostoma caninum, Haemonchus placei and Cyathostomins

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of leaf and bark extracts of Diospyros anisandra collected during different seasons and their major constituents on eggs of Ancylostoma caninum, Haemonchus placei , and cyathostomins. Specifically, the eclosion inhibition of the methanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of D. anisandra collected during the dry and rainy seasons (600–37.5 μg/ml) were evaluated in addition to the fractions, sub-fractions (300–37.5 μg/ml) and active major constituents (150–2.3 μg/ml). The rainy season bark extract had the highest percentage of eclosion inhibition (PEI) against the evaluated nematodes (≥ 90% at 75 μg/ml) along with high ovicidal activity (90.0 to 93.4% at 75 μg/ml). The purification of the rainy season bark extract showed that its biological activity came from the non-polar n -hexane fraction (≥ 93% at 75 μg/ml). The bioguided fractionation pointed to sub-fraction 5 as having the highest anthelmintic activity against the three evaluated genera of nematodes (PEI ≥ 93% at 37.5 μg/ml). Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed that the major constituent in sub-fraction 5 was plumbagin. Upon evaluation, plumbagin was confirmed to be responsible for the anthelmintic activity of D. anisandra , with a PEI ≥ 90% at 2.3 μg/ml on the three evaluated nematodes. Additionally, the compounds betulin and lupeol in the bark of D. anisandra were evaluated but presented low anthelmintic activity (PEI ≤ 5.3% at 2.3 μg/ml). In conclusion, the rainy season bark extract of D. anisandra exerts a high ovicidal activity against the eggs of the three studied nematodes. Plumbagin is the active compound responsible for this activity and represents a potential alternative for the control of different genera of gastrointestinal nematodes given the current scenario of anthelmintic resistance.

Anthelmintic Potential of Medicinal Plants against Ancylostoma caninum

“…On the contrary, the bark extract of Diospyros anisandra collected in the dry season required at least 300 g/mL for hatchability inhibition of >94%. The leaf extract of Diospyros anisandra collected in the rainy and dry seasons on eggs A. caninum showed the lowest inhibition (25.9% and 5.2%, respectively) at 600 g/mL [ 8 ].…”

“…Diterpenes of kaurane class compounds present in Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata showed anthelmintic activity in infective larvae of A. caninum in vitro [ 9 , 10 ]. Low-level anthelmintic betulin and lupeol present in Diospyros anisandra are of triterpene compound [ 8 ]. Vernodalin and vernolide, present in Vern onia amygdalina , which can reduce the number of eggs in vivo , are sesquiterpene lactone compounds [ 15 ].…”

Isolasi Senyawa Turunan Kuinon dari Tanaman

“…Tumbuhan obat lain yang juga mengandung antrakuinon adalah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L) sesuai dengan hasil penelitian (Rudiyansyah, CL, & Alimuddin, 2012) dan Ceratotheca triloba pada hasil penelitian (Mohanlall, Steenkamp, & Odhav, 2011). Sedangkan kelompok kuinon lainnya yaitu naftokuinon dimiliki oleh tumbuhan Bisbul (Diospyros anisandra) sesuai dengan hasil penelitian (Gabriela, Rawung, & Ludong, 2020).…”

“…Artikel isolasi senyawa turunan kuinon menggunakan metode ekstraksi, fraksinasi, dan isolasi dengan pelarut dan cara yang digunakan berbeda-beda. 1-hidroxy-4methylanthraquinone; 9,10 anthracenedione; 5,8-dimethoxy-2,3,10,10a-tetrahydro-1Hphenanthrene-4,9-dione Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L) 2,4-dihidroksi-3-metilenmetoksiantra Sumber: (Kang et al, 2017), (Flota-Burgos et al, 2020, (Luo et al, 2016), (Mohanlall et al, 2011), (Rudiyansyah et al, 2012 Metode pemisahan dan pemurnian senyawa metabolit sekunder bertujuan untuk mendapatkan zat murni, salah satu senyawa metabolisme sekunder ialah senyawa kuinon yang terdiri dari empat kelompok yaitu benzokuinon, antrakuinon, naftokuinon dan isoprenoid. Sebelum dilakukan pemisahan dan pemurnian, tanaman yang di uji akan di skrinning menggunakan uji Brontager dengan cara memasukan kloroform sebanyak 5 ml kedalam tabung reaksi yang telah berisikan serbuk ekstrak tanaman, dikocok selama 5 menit.…”

“…Dugaan senyawa kuinon diperkuat dengan analisis menggunakan metode kromatografi gas dengan HP-5MS (5% phenyl-methilpolysiloxa) dengan suhu 100C selama 3 menit, suhu dinaikan sampai mencapai suhu akhir 280C secara bertahap. Hasil identifikasi pada daun dan kulit batang bisbul isolate menunjukan adanya senyawa 1,4-naftokuinon (Flota-Burgos et al, 2020).…”