Anterograde and retrograde enhancement of 24-h memory by glucose in elderly humans

Positive and negative sources of emotional arousal enhance long-term word-list retention when induced as long as 30min after learning

“…This further supports the idea that materials of any valence or arousal value could be enhanced by posttraining memory modulation techniques. This result is consistent with several previous studies (Colrain et al, 1992;Manning et al, 1992;Nielson & Bryant, 2005;Nielson & Jensen, 1994;Nielson et al, 1996Nielson et al, , 2005 and contrasts with contentions that materials must have inherent affective or arousal quality for memory modulation to occur (e.g., Libkuman, Nichols-Whitehead, Griffith, & Thomas, 1999).…”

“…As such, it is impossible to decipher in these studies whether the effect is on attention, encoding, consolidation or some combination of these phases. However, several recent studies have demonstrated memory modulatory effects in human participants by comparable mechanisms of action as have been shown in rodent studies using various posttraining treatments including norepinephrine (Southwick et al, 2002), glucose (Manning, Parsons, & Gold, 1992), nicotine (Colrain, Mangan, Pellett, & Bates, 1992), and non-invasive treatments such as muscle tension (Nielson & Jensen, 1994;Nielson, Radtke, & Jensen, 1996), stress (Cahill, Gorski, & Le, 2003) and negative and positive emotional arousal (Nielson & Bryant, 2005;Nielson, Yee, & Erickson, 2005). Importantly, no human study has yet examined the time-dependency of these effects; no study has varied the delay of the intervention after learning.…”

“…Elsevier does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Elsevier. ] 13 intervention on memory consolidation rather than encoding or attention Colrain et al, 1992;Manning et al, 1992;Nielson & Bryant, 2005;Nielson & Jensen, 1994;Nielson et al, 1996Nielson et al, , 2005Southwick et al, 2002). More, negative arousal sources have almost exclusively been employed by past studies.…”

Memory enhancement by a semantically unrelated emotional arousal source induced after learning

“…Livingston (1967) proposed such an idea, that hormone response to stress that occurs after learning can modulate memory for any recently acquired information. Our findings are consistent with this proposition, as were a number of other studies using an arousing treatment after learning of non-emotive stimuli (Colrain et al, 1992;Manning et al, 1992;Nielson & Jensen, 1994;Nielson et al, 1996). However, the present findings contrast with a recent few recent studies that suggest that post-learning arousal may only be effective to modulate inherently arousing stimuli (Cahill, Gorski, & Le, 2003) or that some amount of arousal or novelty at encoding is necessary for post-learning arousal treatments to modulate memory Okuda, Roozendaal, & McGaugh, 2004).…”

“…Nicotine (Colrain, Mangan, Pellett, & Bates, 1992), glucose (Manning, Parsons, & Gold, 1992), and muscle tension (Nielson & Jensen, 1994;Nielson, Radtke, & Jensen, 1996) have been shown to enhance delayed retrieval of non-arousing memory materials when given after learning. For example, Nielson and Jensen (1994) showed that induction of muscle tension shortly after exposure to target words embedded in paragraphs increased heart rate and enhanced delayed recall and recognition of the words, except in participants who were taking β-blockers to control hypertension.…”