Antenna Characterization for Bluetooth-Based Travel Time Data Collection

Porter, J. David; Kim, David; Magaña, Mario E.; Poocharoen, Panupat; Arriaga, Carlos Antar Gutierrez

doi:10.1080/15472450.2012.696452

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Canning Hwy has 19 BMSs, which are installed in the traffic signal control cabinet of 19 signalised intersections, because the available power supply and access to Ethernet port significantly reduce the difficulty and cost of installation. However, this could cause a low capture rate of discoverable BT devices because the installation location and antenna characteristics of a BMS have significant impact on the capture of BT-enabled devices [30]. e lengths of BT road links along Canning Hwy vary from 133 m to 2.14 km, which enables the investigation of the accuracy of BT TT on both short and long arterial signalised road links.…”

Section: Research Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Accuracy of Bluetooth-Based Travel Time on Arterial Roads: A Case Study of Perth, Western Australia

Liu

Xia

Phatak

2020

Journal of Advanced Transportation

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Bluetooth (BT) time-stamped media access control (MAC) address data have been used for traffic studies worldwide. Although Bluetooth (BT) technology has been widely recognised as an effective, low-cost traffic data source in freeway traffic contexts, it is still unclear whether BT technology can provide accurate travel time (TT) information in complex urban traffic environments. erefore, this empirical study aims to systematically evaluate the accuracy of BT travel time estimates in urban arterial contexts. ere are two major hurdles to deriving accurate TT information for arterial roads: the multiple detection problem and noise in BT estimates. To date, they have not been fully investigated, nor have well-accepted solutions been found. Using approximately two million records of BT time-stamped MAC address data from twenty weekdays, this study uses five different BT TT-matching methods to investigate and quantify the impact of multiple detection problems and the noise in BT TT estimates on the accuracy of average BT travel times. Our work shows that accurate Bluetooth-based travel time information on signalised arterial roads can be derived if an appropriate matching method can be selected to smooth out the remaining noise in the filtered travel time estimates. Overall, average-to-average and last-to-last matching methods are best for long (>1 km) and short (≤1 km) signalised arterial road segments, respectively. Furthermore, our results show that the differences between BT and ground truth average TTs or speeds are systematic, and adding a calibration is a pragmatic method to correct inaccurate BT average TTs or speeds. e results of this research can help researchers and road operators to better understand BT technology for TT analysis and consequently to optimise the deployment location and configuration of BT MAC address scanners.

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Section: Research Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Accuracy of Bluetooth-Based Travel Time on Arterial Roads: A Case Study of Perth, Western Australia

Liu

Xia

Phatak

2020

Journal of Advanced Transportation

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“…Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, and UWB are four short-range wireless standards known as IEEE 802.15.1, 802.11 a/b/g, 802.15.4, and 802.15.3, respectively. IEEE defines the MAC address and Physical Layers for mentioned wireless methods for an operation range of 10-100 m (Porter et al, 2012). Nowadays, majority of smart-phones and digital mobile devices use Bluetooth and WiFi technologies for data exchange and Internet access.…”

Section: Mac Address As Movement Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Porter et al (2012) categorised six different antennas for assessing their capability and suitability in the Bluetooth data collection process for road traffic monitoring (that has a different environment than pedestrian monitoring). Their study shows that vertically polarized antennas with gains from 9 to 12 dBi are suitable for a Bluetooth based road traffic data collection.…”

Section: Antenna Characteristics Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of antenna characteristic effects on pedestrian and cyclists travel-time estimation based on Bluetooth and WiFi MAC addresses

Abedi

Bhaskar

Miska

2015

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

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a b s t r a c tMonitoring pedestrian and cyclists movement is an important area of research in transport, crowd safety, urban design and human behaviour assessment areas. Media Access Control (MAC) address data has been recently used as potential information for extracting features from people's movement. MAC addresses are unique identifiers of WiFi and Bluetooth wireless technologies in smart electronics devices such as mobile phones, laptops and tablets. The unique number of each WiFi and Bluetooth MAC address can be captured and stored by MAC address scanners. MAC addresses data in fact allows for unannounced, non-participatory, and tracking of people. The use of MAC data for tracking people has been focused recently for applying in mass events, shopping centres, airports, train stations, etc. In terms of travel time estimation, setting up a scanner with a big value of antenna's gain is usually recommended for highways and main roads to track vehicle's movements, whereas big gains can have some drawbacks in case of pedestrian and cyclists. Pedestrian and cyclists mainly move in built distinctions and city pathways where there is significant noises from other fixed WiFi and Bluetooth. Big antenna's gains will cover wide areas that results in scanning more samples from pedestrians and cyclists' MAC device. However, anomalies (such fixed devices) may be captured that increase the complexity and processing time of data analysis. On the other hand, small gain antennas will have lesser anomalies in the data but at the cost of lower overall sample size of pedestrian and cyclist's data. This paper studies the effect of antenna characteristics on MAC address data in terms of travel-time estimation for pedestrians and cyclists. The results of the empirical case study compare the effects of small and big antenna gains in order to suggest optimal set up for increasing the accuracy of pedestrians and cyclists' travel-time estimation.

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“…Detection via Bluetooth offers a greater degree of privacy over other methods (toll tag tracking, license-plate recognition, or cellular telephone geolocation) due to the fact that there are no databases of Bluetooth addresses that can be used to associate the detected device to an individual (Tarnoff et al, 2009). Still, Porter, Kim, Magaña, Poocharoen, andGutierrez Arriaga (2013) suggest one more step toward ensuring the privacy of Bluetooth users: removing the first five characters from the media access control (MAC) address of identified devices. Haghani and Hamedi (2013) also discuss these privacy implications of Bluetooth data collection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Value of Privacy: Evidence From the Use of Mobile Devices for Traveler Information Systems

Antoniou

Polydoropoulou

2015

Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems

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The emergence of location-based services has raised privacy to a hot-issue status. Clearly, there is a trade-off that needs to be considered. On the one hand, additional information can arguably improve the quality of the various services, not only for the individual, but also for the entire system. On the other hand, the collection of this additional information can be considered by some as a violation of their privacy. The objective of this article is twofold: on the one hand to provide a way to quantify the value of this privacy (loss), and on the other hand to present results from a case study applying this methodology. The methodology is generic and is based on the concept of the marginal rate of substitution between cost and a different variable (in this case privacy). The application is based on a stated-preference questionnaire that was specifically designed for this application and disseminated to respondents in Athens, Greece. An ordered probit model, in which all variables are interacted with the main service attributes (cost, accuracy, and privacy), is estimated based on this data. The empirical distribution of estimated willingness-to-accept for giving up part of the privacy (their current location and destination) was also calculated. The mean of the value of privacy (amount needed to give up one level of privacy) is found to be equal to 3.87€, while the median is equal to 2.50€ (reflecting the skewness of the distribution). This amount is considered reasonable since such services are commercially available for US$5 per month.

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Antenna Characterization for Bluetooth-Based Travel Time Data Collection

Cited by 37 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluating the Accuracy of Bluetooth-Based Travel Time on Arterial Roads: A Case Study of Perth, Western Australia

Evaluating the Accuracy of Bluetooth-Based Travel Time on Arterial Roads: A Case Study of Perth, Western Australia

Assessment of antenna characteristic effects on pedestrian and cyclists travel-time estimation based on Bluetooth and WiFi MAC addresses

The Value of Privacy: Evidence From the Use of Mobile Devices for Traveler Information Systems

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