Antecedents Of, Temporal Changes In, and Relationships between CSAI-2 Subcomponents

Abstract

Two studies were conducted to examine antecedents of, relationships between, and temporal changes in the cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and the self-confidence components of the Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith (1983) newly developed Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In addition, the prediction that cognitive and somatic anxiety should differentially influence performance was examined. In Study 1, 37 elite intercollegiate wrestlers were administered the CSAI-2 immediately before two different competitions, whereas in Study 2, 63 female high school volleyball players completed the CSAI-2 on five different occasions (1 week, 48 hrs, 24 hrs, 2 hrs, and 20 min) prior to a major tournament. The results were analyzed using multiple regression, multivariate multiple regression, univariate and multivariate analyses of variance, and general linear model trend analysis techniques. The findings supported the scale development work of Martens and his colleagues by verifying that the CSAI-2 assesses three separate components of state anxiety. A number of other important findings also emerged. First, the prediction was confirmed that somatic anxiety increases during the time leading to competition, while cognitive anxiety and confidence remain constant. Second, CSAI-2 subscales were found to have different antecedents, although the precise predictions of Martens and his colleagues were not supported. Third, the prediction that cognitive anxiety would be a more powerful predictor of performance than somatic anxiety was only partially supported. Fourth, the prediction that precompetitive anxiety differences between experienced and inexperienced athletes initially found by Fenz (1975) result from somatic anxiety changes was not supported. It was concluded that the CSAI-2 shows much promise as a multidimensional sport-specific state anxiety inventory, although more research is needed to determine how and why specific antecedent factors influence various CSAI-2 components and to examine the predicted relationships between CSAI-2 components and performance.

Do judges enhance home advantage in European championship boxing?

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Anxiety, Advice, and the Ability to Discern: Feeling Anxious Motivates Individuals to Seek and Use Advice

“…Uncertainty harms general self-efficacy, or the belief that one is capable of attaining a specific, desirable goal (Bandura, 1977(Bandura, , 1997Gould, Petlichkoff, & Weinberg, 1984;Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990;Martin & Gil, 1991), and erodes selfconfidence (Maddux, 1995;Schunk, 1995). Building on this work, we predict that, compared to individuals in a neutral emotional state, anxious individuals will feel uncertain of their ability to make good decisions and will have low confidence in their own judgments.…”

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“…Specifically, experience and age ranges were wide in the current sample, and both have been found to be correlated to competitive A-state (Gould et al, 1984). Older and more experienced participants may have less competitive A-state at recreational competitive level.…”

“…Research suggests that excessive anxiety experienced by sport participants has a variety of negative psychological and behavioral correlates, including loss of confidence, burnout, and possibly dropout from sports (Gould, Petlichkoff, & Weinberg, 1984;Martens et al, 1990;Weinberg & Gould, 2014). However, research also shows that group cohesion provides psychological benefits for athletes.…”