Antarctic penguins; a study of their social habits, by Dr. G. Murray Levick ...

Levick, G. Murray

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8385

Cited by 3 publications

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“…When one individual is startled, the rest take flight without waiting to sense the source of danger. Apparently there is nothing more impressive than the peculiar "military drills" which great masses of penguins execute (Levick 1914). Penguins, incidentally, have a very full social life-they play, take excursion-rides together, palaver.…”

Section: The Biogram Of Birds: N~~r E P R O D~~~~v Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Basis of Human Sociality*

Count

1958

American Anthropologist

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THESES1. An animal's organizational morphology must include not only its anatomy and physiology, but its characteristic "way of living." Hereafter this life-mode is termed its "biogram." 2. The psychic activity of animals, either individually or in the aggregate, is the expression of the entire neurophysiological process; it is therefore coextensive with centripetal and centrifugal neural currents together. Behavior is the symptomatics of these neurophysiological processes, on the centrifugal or effectory side. 3.If there is a morphology of the nervous system, there must be a morphology of behavior. Hence the biogram is a configuration. 4. The taxonomy of vertebrates should cover the gamut of their morphology from anatomy to behavior; this follows as a conclusion from the three preceding statements. We .may therefore speak of a "vertebrate," a "mammalian" biogram, and so forth. 5 . Since the vertebrate nervous system has undergone evolutionary elaborations, from the most primitive Classes to the Families and Genera of the warmblooded Classes, it is expectable that the biogram has correspondingly been elaborated, but without being destroyed or otherwise radically modified. 6. Man's biogram is consistent with his taxonomic position. Culture is man's peculiarly elaborate way of expressing the vertebrate biogram. Until this truth has been established, man's place in nature, first determined in the 19th century on the basis of comparative anatomy, remains incompletely visualized. 7.A major task of anthropology is to account for the emergence of a culturized biogram out of a prehuman nonculturized biogram. In measure as this task progresses, cultural and biological anthropology effect the junction for their integration.1. T o obtain a perspective on the vertebrates, and also to appreciate more clearly what a "biogram" is, we shall glance a t the biograms of some social insects. 2. Since the biogram is postulated as a correlate or a consequence of organic * This study was undertaken in 1951 under the kindly prodding of Professor Kroeber. Its existence is herewith gratefully attributed to him, but he is in no wise responsible for any of its statements. The lines of evidence come from numerous sciences: zoology, ethology, psychology, psychoanalysis, neurology, sociology, anthropology. The author disclaims being versed in all these; nevertheless, he believes that he has not misread their data. The essay abbreviates a much longer monograph, and therefore amounts to an abstract. It is hoped that the abruptness of many of the statements will be taken in this light. 1049 PROCEDURE 1050American Anthropologist [60, 1958 evolution, we shall review (minimally and selectively) pertinent features of vertebrate phylogeny. 3. Since behavior is a function of neurological mechanisms, and since these mechanisms produce difEerences in behavior according to what endocrine stimulations they are undergoing (hereafter we shall say that the mechanisms are under a certain endocrine "tonus"), we shall try to understand the biogrammatic pheno...

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Section: The Biogram Of Birds: N~~r E P R O D~~~~v Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Basis of Human Sociality*

Count

1958

American Anthropologist

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“…[74] In addition to high sensitivity, several papers have emphasized that PTS may perform speciation analysis at trace amounts of analytes. [75,76] Another advantage of PTS over transmission methods of molecular absorption spectroscopy is the possibility of measurements of chromophore absorption in complex (even living) systems and in vivo studies also with a low impact from scattering. [59] These features are implemented in imaging methods of PTS and PAS.…”

Section: Direct Use Of Agroindustrial Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Cellulosic Materials for Treatment and Detection of Industrial Contaminants in Wastewater

et al. 2016

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The scarcity of fresh, clean water is one of the most tremendous global crises currently facing the human race. Various technologies exist for the treatment of contaminated water on different waste volume scales, for specific pollutants, and at a range of cost points. The use of agricultural and industrial by‐products directly or with simple modifications for treating wastewater has been investigated thoroughly, and the new frontier in this field is the development of advanced cellulose materials which are low cost, highly efficient, and widely applicable. Concurrently, developing highly sensitive and selective methods for analyzing the remediation efficiency of these materials is important as low concentrations of industrial contaminants can cause severe health problems in humans. The focus of this review is current progress in advanced cellulose materials for treatment of industrially‐contaminated wastewater, particularly that which contains dyes, heavy metals, and petrochemicals, and the development of ultrasensitive technologies such as photothermal spectroscopy (PTS) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for pollutant detection.

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Communication in the Adélie penguin

Spurr¹

1975

The Biology of Penguins

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Antarctic penguins; a study of their social habits, by Dr. G. Murray Levick ...

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

The Biological Basis of Human Sociality*

The Biological Basis of Human Sociality*

Advanced Cellulosic Materials for Treatment and Detection of Industrial Contaminants in Wastewater

Communication in the Adélie penguin

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