Antagonism by antimuscarinic and ganglion-blocking drugs of some of the behavioural effects of nicotine

Morrison, Cathleen F.; Goodyear, J. M.; Sellers, Cletus M.

doi:10.1007/bf00403709

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Such motor disturbances may account for the initial depressant actions of nicotine that have been observed in a variety of testing procedures (e.g. Morrison et al, 1969;Pradhan & Bowling, 1971). Small intravenous doses of nicotine markedly suppress spinal reflexes (Schweitzer & Wright, 1938).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, nicotine appears to act at a central site to produce hyperactivity, in common with certain other behavioural actions (e.g. Morrison et al, 1969;Spealman, Goldberg & Gardner, 1981). In vitro studies suggest that mecamylamine directly blocks nicotinic cholinoceptors, at least at autonomic ganglia (Ascher, Large & Rang, 1979).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mecamylamine, a ganglion blocking agent, has 0007-1188/83/020329-09 $01.00 been found to prevent both stimulant and depressant behavioural actions of nicotine (Morrison, Goodyear & Sellors, 1969;Barthelemy, Tremblay & Jacob, 1970;Newman, 1972). The second experiment tested whether pretreatment with mecamylamine blocked the acute effects of nicotine on locomotor activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity in non‐tolerant and tolerant rats

Clarke¹,

Kumar²

1983

British J Pharmacology

423

185

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1Rats were tested for locomotor activity in photocell cages, for 80 min starting immediately after subcutaneous injection of (-)-nicotine bitartrate or 0.9%w/vNaCl solution (saline). In nontolerant subjects, nicotine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg base) depressed activity and induced ataxia in the first 20 min, but increased activity later in the session; these actions were dose-dependent. 2 Tolerance was studied by comparing rats given nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) every day with control rats given saline instead. Each week, every subject was tested once with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) and once with saline. With daily or even weekly injections of nicotine, the initial depressant action of the drug was replaced by a dose-dependent stimulant action which occurred throughout the session. In these tolerant animals, little ataxia was seen except when a larger dose of 0.8 mg/kg was given. Tolerance to the depressant action of nicotine persisted for at least 3 weeks. 3 In non-tolerant subjects, mecamylamine (0.5, 1.Omg/kgs.c.) prevented the initial depressant action of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg). In tolerant rats, the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) was prevented by mecamylamine (0.1, 0.32, 1.0 mg/kg s.c.) in a dose-related way; the quaternary ganglion blocker, hexamethonium (0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg s.c.) had little or no such effect. Neither mecamylamine nor hexamethonium altered activity when given alone. 4 It is suggested that a few treatments with nicotine can unmask a stimulant action of the drug, probably of central origin, which possibly reflects a stimulation of nicotine receptors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity in non‐tolerant and tolerant rats

Clarke¹,

Kumar²

1983

British J Pharmacology

423

185

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“…The results obtained in this study are agreement with previous reports (Stolerman, Fink, & Jarvik, 1973) (Clarke & Kumar, 1983) that locomotor stimulant effects were developed at low dose of nicotine, followed by a decrease at high dose of nicotine in its locomotor depressant effects, which is governed centrally mediated theoretically (Morrison et al, 1969). The sensitized nicotine group (0.5 N) travelled longest in locomotor activity among all the nicotine test groups, which is supported by…”

Section: Assessment Of Bioactivity Of Nano-nicotine Via Locomotor Tessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Short term exposure to nicotine could stimulate central nervous system neurohumoral pathways through activation of nicotinic receptors, causing release of acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin (N. L. Benowitz, 1988). Exposure to nicotine develops a biphasic dose-response relation: low doses of nicotine cause ganglionic stimulation, while high dose of nicotine causes ganglionic depression (Morrison, Goodyear, & Sellers, 1969). The biphasic effects are noted that at low dose of nicotine, cardiovascular effects are mediated by increasing blood pressure and heart rate via the central nervous system; on the other hand, at high dose of nicotine, ganglionic stimulation is mediated from peripheral nervous system.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery

Wang¹

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Cigarette smoking has become one of the leading causes of preventable deaths all over the world, causing a serious threat to human wellbeing and a tremendous economic burden to governments. The currently available treatment options for smoking cessation are not efficient. The pulmonary delivery of drugs by methods such as dry powder inhaler (DPI) has been recognized as one of the most efficient routes of drug delivery to the targeted area. The lung delivery of nicotine in this way would be expected to mimic the effects of tobacco smoking and could significantly reduce the negative health effects of smoking that result from nicotine addiction.The aim of this study is to develop nanoparticles with controlled physicochemical properties using biodegradable polymer of chitosan (CS) loaded with nicotine salt for pulmonary delivery as DPI formulations. The outcomes of this project are expected to be a safe and effective CS-based nicotine formulation for pulmonary delivery to treat nicotine dependence. This thesis specially addresses the research questions: (1) how to develop a feasible process to manufacture the nanoparticles suitable for pulmonary drug delivery using biodegradable polymer of CS containing nicotine salt; (2) how to develop an animal model for pulmonary drug delivery from DPI formulation using a nose-only inhalation device.The current therapeutic options for treatment of smoking addiction have been reviewed, and current advancements of technology in pulmonary drug delivery are summarised. Buccal administration of drugs exhibits a low oral bioavailability, and sublingual tablets and chewing gums can be swallowed before being absorbed.Although nasal spray of nicotine is a fast way to deliver nicotine into the bloodstream, Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery iii the rate of absorption is still not as rapid as cigarette smoking. Therefore, it is proposed that delivery of nicotine with sustained drug release profile direct into the deep lung is likely to more effectively mimic the rapid effects of cigarette smoking on a physiological level, which could eliminate patient craving and allow the tapering of nicotine level over time to improve patients' compliance.Water in oil (w/o) emulsion crosslinking method has been used to fabricate nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT)-loaded CS nanoparticles which separate as solid microaggregates. The physicochemical properties of particles are characterized by a series of techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the prepared particles are spherical in morphology with rough surface after loading CS particles with NHT. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)by Zetasizer determined nanoparticle size ranging from 167.6 nm to 411 nm, while DLS by Mastersizer demonstrated that the microaggregates of these nanoparticles are in the respirable range (<5µm). The surface positive charge as measured by zeta potential tends to decrease with increase of mass ratios of NHT to CS, which is in contr...

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Behavioural Studies in Humans: Anxiety, Stress and Smoking

Pomerleau

2007

Ciba Foundation Symposium 152 ‐ the Biology of Nicotine Dependence

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Antagonism by antimuscarinic and ganglion-blocking drugs of some of the behavioural effects of nicotine

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity in non‐tolerant and tolerant rats

The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity in non‐tolerant and tolerant rats

Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery

Behavioural Studies in Humans: Anxiety, Stress and Smoking

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