“…Meanwhile, metaheuristic techniques are growing in popularity, particularly for handling OPF problems, because of their ability to escape local optima by utilizing simple notions that resembles nature and can be applied to a wide variety of challenges (Sulaiman and Mustaffa, 2021). The state-of-the-art of methodologies used to address the OPF problems are particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Hazra and Sinha, 2011), moth swarm optimization (Mohamed et al, 2017), artificial bee colony algorithm (Rezaei Adaryani and Karami, 2013), social spider optimization algorithm (Nguyen, 2019), teaching-learning based algorithm (Bouchekara et al, 2014), most valuable player algorithm (Bouchekara, 2020), krill herd algorithm (Roy and Paul, 2015), harmony search method (Bhamidi and Shanmugavelu, 2019), ant colony optimization (Maheshwari et al, 2021), and grey wolf optimization algorithm (Siavash et al, 2017). These approaches guide the search process toward a near-optimal solution by effectively investigating the solution space.…”