“…Initially, these were deterministic techniques including non-linear programming (NLP) (Achenie and Biegler 1988) and mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) (Kokossis, A. and Floudas 1990;Raman and Grossmann 1991;Kokossis, A. and Floudas 1994), among others. More recent approaches focus on stochastic search based optimisation with perhaps Simulated Annealing (Marcoulaki, E. and Kokossis 1996;Marcoulaki, E. C. and Kokossis 1999;Mehta and Kokossis 2000;Linke and Kokossis 2003a), Tabu Search (Wang, C et al 1999;Linke and Kokossis 2003b;Cavin et al 2004) and Ant Colony (Dorigo et al 1999;Jayaraman et al 2000;Dorigo and Blum 2005) being the most widely applied. The latest advances in stochastic search based on cascading of population and inflection of solutions is particularly attractive as it provides readily access to optimisation solutions at every stage of the process, the search known as the Cascade Algorithm (Labrador-Darder et al 2009;Kokossis, A et al 2011;Cecelja, F et al 2014).…”