“…It is worth pointing out that there are not many nature-inspired studies that have explicitly focused on avoiding or combating congestion in sensor networks. A notable related approach is the ant-based multi-QoS routing protocol for sensor networks (AntSensNet) [38]. AntSensNet combines a hierarchical structure of the network with the principles of ACO-based routing, whilst trying to satisfy the QoS requirements of different kinds of traffic requested by the applications.…”
Section: Swarm Intelligence and Network-oriented Approachesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Flock-CC was compared to five protocols that can be adopted during a congestion crisis period: (a) a conventional congestion-free multi-path routing protocol based on shortest paths (baseline scenario), (b) a typical congestion-aware routing protocol that routes packets over multiple paths, choosing each time the least congested next hop node in terms of queue length (among nodes involved in the shortest paths to the sink), (c) a well known single-path routing protocol for adhoc networks, AODV [37], (d) an ant-based algorithm for multi-path reactive and proactive routing in mobile ad-hoc networks which is based on ideas from Ant Colony Optimization, AntHocNet [33], and (e) an ant-based multi-QoS routing protocol, AntSensNet [38]. These strategies/protocols are summarized in Table 1.…”
Section: Related Approaches For Comparisonmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These strategies/protocols are summarized in Table 1. [33] MAC layer activity Multi-path AntSensNet [38] MAC layer activity Multi-path…”
Section: Related Approaches For Comparisonmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The proposed Flock-CC protocol was quantitatively compared against NCC, CAwR and AODV [37] protocols, as well qualitatively compared against AntHocNet [33] and AntSensNet [38]. It is worth pointing out that the comparative evaluation does not include issues such as robustness and scalability.…”
This paper proposes that the flocking behavior of birds can guide the design of a robust, scalable and self-adaptive congestion control protocol in the context of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed approach adopts a swarm intelligence paradigm inspired by the collective behavior of bird flocks. The main idea is to 'guide' packets (birds) to form flocks and flow towards the sink (global attractor), whilst trying to avoid congestion regions (obstacles). The direction of motion of a packet flock is influenced by repulsion and attraction forces between packets, as well as the field of view and the artificial magnetic field in the direction of the artificial magnetic pole (sink). The proposed approach is simple to implement at the individual node, involving minimal information exchange. In addition, it displays global self-* properties and emergent behavior, achieved collectively without explicitly programming these properties into individual packets. Performance evaluations show the effectiveness of the proposed Flock-based Congestion Control (Flock-CC) mechanism in dynamically balancing the offered load by effectively exploiting available network resources and moving packets to the sink. Furthermore, Flock-CC provides graceful performance degradation in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss, delay and energy tax under low, high and extreme traffic loads. In addition, the proposed approach achieves robustness against failing nodes, scalability in different network sizes and outperforms typical conventional approaches.
“…It is worth pointing out that there are not many nature-inspired studies that have explicitly focused on avoiding or combating congestion in sensor networks. A notable related approach is the ant-based multi-QoS routing protocol for sensor networks (AntSensNet) [38]. AntSensNet combines a hierarchical structure of the network with the principles of ACO-based routing, whilst trying to satisfy the QoS requirements of different kinds of traffic requested by the applications.…”
Section: Swarm Intelligence and Network-oriented Approachesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Flock-CC was compared to five protocols that can be adopted during a congestion crisis period: (a) a conventional congestion-free multi-path routing protocol based on shortest paths (baseline scenario), (b) a typical congestion-aware routing protocol that routes packets over multiple paths, choosing each time the least congested next hop node in terms of queue length (among nodes involved in the shortest paths to the sink), (c) a well known single-path routing protocol for adhoc networks, AODV [37], (d) an ant-based algorithm for multi-path reactive and proactive routing in mobile ad-hoc networks which is based on ideas from Ant Colony Optimization, AntHocNet [33], and (e) an ant-based multi-QoS routing protocol, AntSensNet [38]. These strategies/protocols are summarized in Table 1.…”
Section: Related Approaches For Comparisonmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These strategies/protocols are summarized in Table 1. [33] MAC layer activity Multi-path AntSensNet [38] MAC layer activity Multi-path…”
Section: Related Approaches For Comparisonmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The proposed Flock-CC protocol was quantitatively compared against NCC, CAwR and AODV [37] protocols, as well qualitatively compared against AntHocNet [33] and AntSensNet [38]. It is worth pointing out that the comparative evaluation does not include issues such as robustness and scalability.…”
This paper proposes that the flocking behavior of birds can guide the design of a robust, scalable and self-adaptive congestion control protocol in the context of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed approach adopts a swarm intelligence paradigm inspired by the collective behavior of bird flocks. The main idea is to 'guide' packets (birds) to form flocks and flow towards the sink (global attractor), whilst trying to avoid congestion regions (obstacles). The direction of motion of a packet flock is influenced by repulsion and attraction forces between packets, as well as the field of view and the artificial magnetic field in the direction of the artificial magnetic pole (sink). The proposed approach is simple to implement at the individual node, involving minimal information exchange. In addition, it displays global self-* properties and emergent behavior, achieved collectively without explicitly programming these properties into individual packets. Performance evaluations show the effectiveness of the proposed Flock-based Congestion Control (Flock-CC) mechanism in dynamically balancing the offered load by effectively exploiting available network resources and moving packets to the sink. Furthermore, Flock-CC provides graceful performance degradation in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss, delay and energy tax under low, high and extreme traffic loads. In addition, the proposed approach achieves robustness against failing nodes, scalability in different network sizes and outperforms typical conventional approaches.
“…Wireless sensor networks can complete the fast construction of the data communication network for the diagnosis, monitoring and power statistics of the smart grid equipment (16). The basic idea of applying the wireless sensor networks to the smart grid is to realize the bidirectional flow of data in the grid and to monitor the operation of the key equipment of the sensor in real time (17).…”
Original scientific paper The application prospects of wireless sensor networks (WSN) are very broad due to their characteristics of convenience, low cost, accuracy. Wireless sensor networks have potential applications in many fields, such as business, smart home appliances, industry. Wireless sensor networks are considered to be one of the most influential technologies today. The power industry is not only related to the livelihood of individuals, but also to national security. At present, the development of the power industry has reached a bottleneck. One of the methods to break through the bottleneck of the development of the electric power industry is by combining the wireless sensor networks with the electric power industry and building a smart grid. Due to various reasons, the data generated by the wireless sensor networks may be lost, and the missing data will have a great impact on the detection of power data and the construction of the smart grid. The power data generated by the wireless sensor networks has both temporality and spatiality. In this paper, we propose a fusion algorithm to deal with the missing data in wireless sensor networks. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the missing power data in wireless sensor networks.
Keywords: fusion method; missing data; smart grid; wireless sensor networks
Obrada nedostajućih podataka o energiji u bežičnim senzorskim mrežamaIzvorni znanstveni članak Izgledi za primjenom bežičnih senzorskih mreža -wireless sensor networks (WSN) vrlo su veliki zbog njihovih karakteristika -praktičnosti, niske cijene, točnosti. Moguće ih je primijeniti u mnogim područjima kao što su poslovanje, inteligentni kućni uređaji, industrija. Smatra ih se jednom od najutjecajnijih tehnologija danas. Električna energija se ne odnosi samo na zaradu za život pojedinaca već i na nacionalnu sigurnost. Trenutno je razvoj energetske industrije stigao do uskog grla. Jedna od metoda za razbijanje uskog grla u razvoju energetike je kombiniranje bežičnih senzorskih mreža s elektroindustrijom i izgradnja inteligentne mreže. Zbog raznih se razloga mogu izgubiti podaci koje generiraju bežične senzorske mreže i ti će nestali podaci imati veliki utjecaj na pronalaženje podataka o energiji i izgradnju inteligentne mreže. Podaci o energiji koje generiraju bežične senzorske mreže imaju i temporalnost i prostornost. U ovom radu predlažemo fuzijski algoritam koji se bavi podacima koji nedostaju u bežičnim senzorskim mrežama. Eksperimentalni podaci pokazuju da se predloženim algoritmom mogu učinkovito procijeniti podaci o energiji koji nedostaju u bežičnim senzorskim mrežama.Kljućne riječi: bežične senzorske mreža; inteligentna mreža; metoda fuzije; nedostajući podaci
According to the disadvantages of real time and continuity for multimedia services in ad hoc networks, a delay constraint multipath routing protocol for wireless multimedia ad hoc networks, which can satisfy quality of service (QoS) requirement (QoS multipath optimized link state routing [MOLSR]), is proposed. The protocol firstly detects and analyzes the link delay among the nodes and collects the delay information as the routing metric by HELLO message and topology control message. Then, through using the improved multipath Dijkstra algorithm for path selection, the protocol can gain the minimum delay path from the source node to the other nodes. Finally, when the route is launched, several node-disjoint or link-disjoint multipaths will be built through the route computation. The simulation and test results show that QoS-MOLSR is suitable for large and dense networks with heavy traffic. It can improve the real time and reliability for multimedia transmission in wireless multimedia ad hoc networks. The average end-to-end delay of QoS-MOLSR is four times less than the optimized link state routing.
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