Anosmia: Verification and Etiologies

Schneider, Robert A.

doi:10.1177/000348947208100216

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…Viral infections, nasal allergies, head injury, and nose surgery can alter olfactory functions [Schneider, 1972;Schiffman, 19831 and there are numerous reports of changes in smell following absorption of several types of medication [Schneider, 1974;Doty, 1979;Jafek et al, 19871. Olfactory function is particularly important in a work environment in which smell is commonly used to detect potentially hazardous situations or as an indicator of mask cartridge breakthrough. The consequences of diminished olfactory function are not only limited to security on the job; loss of appetite, changes in odor-induced salivation and gastric hydrochloric acid secretion, inability to identify potentially dangerous odors outside the workplace from, for example, smoke and spoiled food, can also result from olfactory loss [Schneider, 1974;Murphy, 19871.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement precision of an olfactory perception threshold test for use in field studies

Fortier

Ferraris

Mergler

1991

American J Industrial Med

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Changes in olfactory function have been associated with workplace exposure to a variety of substances. In the workplace, smell can be particularly important, since it is commonly used to detect potentially hazardous situations or as an indicator of mask cartridge breakthrough. Sensitive quantitative measures of olfactory loss would be useful in epidemiological studies and workplace surveillance. The objective of the present study was to determine the reproducibility of an olfactory perception threshold test and variations with age, gender, and smoking status. The test was a standard olfactory kit (Olfactolab No. 11), including 18 serial dilutions of PM-carbinol, with an equal number of blanks. The forced choice method was used, with both tester and subject blinded as to which bottle contained the odorant. Olfactory perception threshold was recorded when the subject identified the same dilution three times. To assess reproducibility, testing was repeated four times over a period of 4 weeks, on the same weekday and the same time of day. Subjects (n = 63) ranged in age from 20 to 60 years (mean age: 39.7 +/- 12.5 years), 47.6% were women, 29.5% currently smoked, and 27.9% were former smokers. Results showed no inter-week differences in olfactory perception threshold (Analysis of variance for repeated measures: F = 0.59; p much greater than 0.05). Inter-class correlation for assessment of agreement of continuous variables was 0.76. Inter-week concordance of hyposmia showed fair to good agreement (0.55 greater than or equal to kappa less than or equal to 0.66). Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences with respect to age category (F = 7.36; p less than 0.001) and current smoking status (F = 4.54; p less than 0.05), but not for gender (F = 2.32; p greater than 0.05). The multiple regression model with age and smoking as independent variables was highly significant (F = 13.03; p less than 0.001), explaining 28% of the variance; olfactory threshold increased 0.47 ds/year (t = 4.01; p less than 0.001) and 0.27 ds/cigarettes/day (t = 2.46; p less than 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that this test is reproducible and sensitive to expected changes with age and smoking status. It corresponds well to criteria for testing in the field and should be considered for studies characterizing olfactory functions and sensory loss among working populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement precision of an olfactory perception threshold test for use in field studies

Fortier

Ferraris

Mergler

1991

American J Industrial Med

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Der Hintergrund II — Die gewerbliche chemische Praxis

Klein¹

1994

Verbindung Und Affinität

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Funktionspr�fungen und St�rungen des Geruchssinnes

Herberhold

1975

Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Firstly the review deals with the olfactometry after discussing the olfactory and trigeminal sensitivity of the sense of smell. The term olfactometry will be newly fixed concerning the present problems of odor analysis. Under clinical aspects the methods of subjective olfactometry are discussed and valued. Olfactory tests basing on registering several psychosomatic reflexes (e.g. cardial and/or respiratory frequencies) cannot be described as "objective". Rather methods are objective which record poststimulatory electrophysiological events at different steps of olfactory pathways. The electric response olfactometry representing a cortical evoked so-called twin-potential containing equivalents for trigeminal and olfactory sense activity starts to demonstrate its efficiency. At least a complete test of olfactory function today includes the rhinomanometry for recording ability in nasal odor transport capacity. In the second part are discussed the olfactory disorders with clinical importance. Air borne disorders are confronted with sensorineural, which again are divided in prebulbar, bulbar, and postbulbar ones so far as possible. Respiratory smell disorders depend on nasal ventilation and occur in nasal deformations, in abnormalities of respiratory pathways, in cases of foreign bodies, mucosal inflammations, tumors, intoxications and allergy. Sensorineural olfactory disorders can be attached to age, to malformations or idiopathic defects, inflammations of the olfactory-neural apparatus, head injuries, brain tumors, metabolic or endocrinological diseases. Furthermore often they are accompanied with neurological and psychiatric diseases or professional and chemical intoxications and/or iatrogenic influences. The poor therapeutical possibilities are demonstrated as far as possible. Finally the experting problems in olfactory disorders are delineated, at which the evidence of objective olfactometry can be distincted.

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Anosmia: Verification and Etiologies

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Measurement precision of an olfactory perception threshold test for use in field studies

Measurement precision of an olfactory perception threshold test for use in field studies

Der Hintergrund II — Die gewerbliche chemische Praxis

Funktionspr�fungen und St�rungen des Geruchssinnes

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