Anorectal mucosal melanoma

Malaguarnera, Giulia; Madeddu, Roberto; Catania, Vito Emanuele; Bertino, Gaetano; Morelli, Luca; Perrotta, Rosario Emanuele; Drago, Filippo; Malaguarnera, Michele; Latteri, Saverio

doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23835

Cited by 78 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 133 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…However, they are elevated in advanced cases of melanoma and often used as an adjunct to the other investigations for diagnosis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a commonly used marker DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.93759 for the detection of distant metastases in patients with melanoma [20]. Other markers include S-100B, melanoma inhibitor activity (MIA) protein, enolase and YKL-40 [21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Clinical Features 41 Clinical Signs and Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a good imaging modality for accurate assessment of the local invasion of the tumor as well as for the detection of metastatic lesions in the liver (Figure 2) [27]. PETCT is the recommended imaging for the staging and response assessment of metastatic melanoma [20]. Melanoma cells have higher FDG avidity compared to normal tissues due to high metabolic rate [20].…”

Section: Radiological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PETCT is the recommended imaging for the staging and response assessment of metastatic melanoma [20]. Melanoma cells have higher FDG avidity compared to normal tissues due to high metabolic rate [20].…”

Section: Radiological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anorectal Melanoma

Gupta¹,

Bansal²,

Ammar³

et al. 2021

Melanoma

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Malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease. The anorectal region is the most common site of primary gastrointestinal malignant melanoma. Due to its low incidence, the diagnosis is often delayed. The most characteristic clinical feature of this tumor is its brown-black appearance due to the melanin pigment. However, the pigmentation may be absent in up to 20% cases. Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for achieving good long-term outcomes. Surgical excision remains the treatment of choice for localized disease. However, the extent of surgery has been a matter of debate. Anorectal melanoma is a highly malignant disease, and more than 50% cases have metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Targeted therapies especially immune check point inhibitors have brought about a paradigm shift in the management of cutaneous melanoma. They are being increasingly used for mucosal melanomas, and their role in anorectal melanoma is being investigated in various clinical trials.

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Section: Clinical Features 41 Clinical Signs and Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Radiological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anorectal Melanoma

Gupta¹,

Bansal²,

Ammar³

et al. 2021

Melanoma

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“…Single examples of effective peritumoral injections with b-interferon (IFN-b) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) in combination with nivolumab have been reported [33,34]. Targeted treatment, including that with the use of BRAF/MEK or KIT inhibitors (imatinib), may be considered in the carriers of adequate mutations [35].…”

Section: Mucosal Melanoma Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal melanoma — clinical presentation and treatment based on a case series

Napierała

Czarnecka

2019

Oncol Clin Pract

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Melanoma is malignant disease originating from melanocytes (pigment cells that occur mainly in the skin and constitute a type of defence from ultraviolet radiation). Melanocytes also occur outside of the skin (among others -in the eyeball, the mucosal lining of the digestive tract from the oral cavity to the anus, the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, and the urinary and reproductive tracts). Many known cases of melanoma in the aforementioned locations exist.The main factor responsible for the development of skin melanoma is ultraviolet radiation. In the case of mucosal melanoma, aetiological factors are still unknown. Mucosal melanoma most often develops in places that are hidden and not accessible through standard testing. Therefore, the disease develops without any signs for a long period of time before the proper diagnosis is established (usually at a disseminated stage, at a point where no successful localised treatment can be applied), which, in combination with a more aggressive course in comparison to more typical locations (the skin, the eyeball), a different sensitivity to systemic treatment (usually the lack of a mutation in the BRAF gene), and the lack of a separate standardised treatment procedure, is the cause of worse outcomes and poor prognosis.Mucosal melanomas occur very rarely (about 1.5 % of all melanomas); however, the knowledge that a melanoma may also develop in locations that are often omitted during routine examination (the anus, the oral cavity, the urogenital region), may increase the chances of early diagnosis and attaining better treatment results.In this paper, a brief description of the characteristics of mucosal melanoma is presented, along with a presentation of the most common locations, symptoms, diagnostic possibilities, and available treatment (including immunotherapy). Based on the available literature and personal experience, several cases of patients treated in the Institute of Oncology are described.

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“…Since the protein was detected only in cancer and embryonic tissue, it was given the name carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA is present in columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells of the tongue, oesophagus, and cervix, and in secretory epithelia and duct cells of sweat glands [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Serum Levels in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

et al. 2018

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Background: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein, which is present in the foetal colon, some benign conditions and different malignancies, particularly in colon adenocarcinoma. We focused this study on non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSC is a common malignancy and it is an important source of morbidity and death in the world. In this study we evaluated whether CEA level increases in NMSC. Patients and Methods: A total of 566 patients with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) were enrolled; 286 patients with NMSC showed CEA levels above normal values, and 280 showed CEA levels below normal values. Patients with high levels of CEA underwent abdominal ultrasound, gastro endoscopy, colonoscopy, and abdominal CT scans. Results: We studied 566 patients, 286 were positive to CEA and 280 were negative. Of the 286 patients positive to CEA, 132 had basal cell carcinoma (64 patients had an associated cancer) and 154 had squamous cell carcinoma (75 patients were affected by cancer). Of the 280 patients negative to CEA, 130 had basal cell carcinoma (12 were associated with cancer), and 150 had squamous cell carcinoma (18 were associated with cancer). The mean age of the 566 case control subjects were 65–81 years. Of the 10 subjects that were the positive control for CEA, two had cancer. Of the 556 subjects that were the negative control for CEA, three had cancer. Conclusions: In patients that present high serum levels of CEA, we give attention to adenocarcinoma tumour first. The pattern of association may be attributable to bias because the group with NMSC were frequently evaluated than those with no history of NMSC. Our results showed that out of 286 patients that were CEA-positive, 139 had cancer, and of the 280 that were CEA-negative, 30 had cancer. Therefore, 20% of patients do not follow the trend. Other markers should be investigated.

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Anorectal mucosal melanoma

Cited by 78 publications

References 133 publications

Anorectal Melanoma

Anorectal Melanoma

Mucosal melanoma — clinical presentation and treatment based on a case series

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Serum Levels in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

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