Anophthalmia in a Common Asian Toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), from the Eastern Ghats of India

Anopthalmia in a Greater Stream Horned Frog, Xenophrys major (Boulenger, 1908), from Tamdil National Wetland, Mizoram, India: Pollution-induced or predator-mediated?

“…Of these, however, environmental degradation and pollution, especially from the agricultural sector, appear to be the major causes of malformation (Ouellet et al 1997;Britson and Threlkeld 1998;Marco et al 1999;Sparling et al 2015;Koleshka and Jablonski 2016). Unlike the previous reports of anopthalmia in the Common Asian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) and the Marbled Globular Frog (Uperodon systoma), for which the trigger was thought to be surface runoff from agricultural fields sprayed with pesticides or other environmental pollutants (Ashaharraza and Mahapatra 2020;Regmi et al 2021), the present incident occurred in a pristine forest in a protected area (Fig. 2).…”

Partial albinism in a Malaysian Painted Frog, Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831, from Mizoram, northeast India

“…Multiple limbs, missing limbs, and facial abnormalities are the main malformations seen among amphibians (Hall and Henry 1992;Lunde and Johnson 2012;Ashaharraza and Mahapatra 2020;Regmi et al 2021;Siammawii et al 2021aSiammawii et al , 2021bSiammawii et al , 2021cLalremsanga 2022). Albinism is quite rare as compared to other anomalies with only a few reported cases (e.g., Lessona 1880; Capanna 1969;Capanna and Foresti 1974;Corsini et al 2002;Spadola and Insacco 2010;Modesti et al 2011;Dyrkacz 1981;Lunghi et al 2017).…”

Commercially Available Vitamin A Palmitate is Toxic and Teratogenic to the Tadpoles of Microhyla nilphamariensis (Anura: Microhylidae)

“…Vitamin A derivatives, retinoids, have always been regarded as one of the causative factors of limb malformations in amphibians. 6,7 Recently, Khan and Mahapatra, 8 reported anopthalmia in common Asian toad from Eastern Ghats of India, which they suspect to be caused by retinoids. Improper disposal of drugs and pharmaceuticals leading to pharmaceutical pollution of aquatic bodies is a big concern nowadays 9,10 and Vitamin A palmitate is a commonly prescribed drug for treating eye diseases 11 and skin care.…”