Anophelines species and the receptivity and vulnerability to malaria transmission in the Pantanal wetlands, Central Brazil

Marinho-E-Silva, Mariana; Sallum, Maria Anice Mureb; Rosa-Freitas, María Goreti; Lourenço‐de‐Oliveira, Ricardo; Silva-do-Nascimento, Teresa Fernandes

doi:10.1590/0074-02760170175

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…vivax ) in humans. It has been categorized as a potential reservoir for this parasite species; such finding agrees with other work since its abundance was lower than that for other Anopheline species found [66,68,69]. These results suggest that monitoring studies must be designed which are mainly aimed at identifying mosquitoes such as An .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Behavior and abundance of Anopheles darlingi in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside

et al. 2019

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In the past few years, relative frequencies of malaria parasite species in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside have changed, being Plasmodium vivax (61.4%) and Plasmodium malariae (43.8%) the most frequent. Given this epidemiological scenario, it is important to determine the species of anophelines involved in these parasites’ transmission. This study was carried out in June 2016 in two indigenous communities living close to the tributaries of the Amazon River using protected human bait. The results of this study showed a total abundance of 1,085 mosquitos, of which 99.2% corresponded to Anopheles darlingi . Additionally, only two anopheline species were found, showing low diversity in the study areas. Molecular confirmation of some individuals was then followed by evolutionary analysis by using the COI gene. Nested PCR was used for identifying the three Plasmodium species circulating in the study areas. Of the two species collected in this study, 21.0% of the An . darlingi mosquitoes were infected with P . malariae , 21.9% with P . vivax and 10.3% with Plasmodium falciparum . It exhibited exophilic and exophagic behavior in both study areas, having marked differences regarding its abundance in each community (Tipisca first sampling 49.4%, Tipisca second sampling 39.6% and Doce de Octubre 10.9%). Interestingly, An . mattogrossensis infected by P . vivax was found for the first time in Colombia (in 50% of the four females collected). Analysis of An . darlingi COI gene diversity indicated a single population maintaining a high gene flow between the study areas. The An . darlingi behavior pattern found in both communities represents a risk factor for the region’s inhabitants living/working near these sites. This highlights the need for vector control efforts such as the use of personal repellents and insecticides for use on cattle, which must be made available in order to reduce this Anopheline’s abundance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Behavior and abundance of Anopheles darlingi in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside

et al. 2019

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“…These infections corroborate the need to maintain both entomological and epidemiological interventions to prevent outbreaks and further increases in disease incidence. Even without high levels of ongoing and endemic transmission, malaria may be regularly imported into the area, a risk factor considering the high receptivity and vulnerability of the population [ 63 , 64 ], which may possibly lead to outbreaks, as in 2017, or further increases in transmission [ 65 ]. Serological analysis of blood samples from the survey may provide insights on recent malaria exposure in the community of Chamanga, and elaborate on local transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study

Martin

Hendershot

Portilla

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background Understanding local anopheline vector species and their bionomic traits, as well as related human factors, can help combat gaps in protection. Methods In San José de Chamanga, Esmeraldas, at the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, anopheline mosquitoes were sampled by both human landing collections (HLCs) and indoor-resting aspirations (IAs) and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location and bed net use) were documented during HLCs as well as through community surveys to determine exposure to mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire. Results Among 222 anopheline specimens captured, based on molecular analysis, 218 were Nyssorhynchus albimanus, 3 Anopheles calderoni (n = 3), and one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors was (13.69), and indoors (3.38) (p = 0.006). No anophelines were documented resting on walls during IAs. HBO-adjusted human landing rates suggested that the highest risk of being bitten was outdoors between 18.00 and 20.00 h. Human behaviour-adjusted biting rates suggest that overall, long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% of exposure to bites, with 86.8% of exposure during the night spent outside of bed net protection. The malaria survey found 2/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections. The questionnaire reported high (73.4%) bed net use, with low knowledge of malaria. Conclusion The exophagic feeding of anopheline vectors in San Jose de Chamanga, when analysed in conjunction with human behaviour, indicates a clear gap in protection even with high LLIN coverage. The lack of indoor-resting anophelines suggests that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. The presence of asymptomatic infections implies the presence of a human reservoir that may maintain transmission.

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“…Importation risk or the vulnerability of malaria is the rate of influx of infected individuals and/or infective Anopheles mosquitoes [ 7 ]. Receptivity of the ecosystem relies on the competency of vectors, vector density and longevity, suitable climate and a susceptible population [ 25 , 26 ]. Therefore, the intrinsic potential for malaria transmission is highly dependent on environmental and socio-economic factors [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of re-establishment of malaria: historical perspective and future prospects

Sani-Gwarzo

Amarasekara

Wickremasinghe

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Prevention of re-establishment (POR) refers to the prevention of malaria outbreak/epidemic occurrence or preventing re-establishment of indigenous malaria in a malaria-free country. Understanding the effectiveness of the various strategies used for POR is, therefore, of vital importance to countries certified as “malaria-free” or to the countries to be thus certified in the near future. This review is based on extensive review of literature on both the POR strategies and elimination schemes of countries, (i) that have reached malaria-free status (e.g. Armenia, Mauritius, Sri Lanka), (ii) those that are reaching pre-elimination stage (e.g. South Korea), and (iii) countries at the control phase (e.g. India). History has clearly shown that poorly implemented POR programmes can result in deadly consequences (e.g. Sri Lanka); conversely, there are examples of robust POR programmes that have sustained malaria free status that can serve as examples to countries working toward elimination. Countries awaiting malaria elimination status should pre-plan their POR strategies. Malaria-free countries face the risk of resurgence mostly due to imported malaria cases; thus, a robust passenger screening programme and cross border collaborations are crucial in a POR setting. In addition, sustained vigilance, and continued funding for the national anti-malarial campaign programme and for related research is of vital importance for POR. With distinct intrinsic potential for malaria in each country, tailor-made POR programmes are built through continuous and robust epidemiological and entomological surveillance, particularly in countries such as Sri Lanka with increased receptivity and vulnerability for malaria transmission. In summary, across all five countries under scrutiny, common strengths of the POR programmes are (i) a multipronged approach, (ii) strong passive, active, and activated passive case detection, (iii) Indoor residual spraying (IRS), and (iv) health education/awareness programmes.

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Anophelines species and the receptivity and vulnerability to malaria transmission in the Pantanal wetlands, Central Brazil

Cited by 10 publications

References 36 publications

Behavior and abundance of Anopheles darlingi in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside

Behavior and abundance of Anopheles darlingi in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside

Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study

Prevention of re-establishment of malaria: historical perspective and future prospects

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