Anopheles Vectors in Mainland China While Approaching Malaria Elimination

Malaria remains the deadliest vector-borne disease in the world. With nearly half of the world's population at risk, 216 million people suffered from malaria in 2016, with over 400,000 deaths, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Important global efforts have been made to eliminate malaria leading to significant reduction in malaria cases and mortality in Africa by 42% and 66%, respectively. Early diagnosis, improved drug therapies and better health infrastructure are key components, but this extraordinary success is mainly due the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual sprayings (IRS) of insecticide. Unfortunately, the emergence and spread of resistance in mosquito populations against insecticides is jeopardising the effectiveness of the most efficient malaria control interventions. To help establish suitable resistance management strategies, it is vital to better understand the distribution of resistance, its mechanisms and impact on effectiveness of control interventions and malaria transmission. In this chapter, we present the current status of insecticide resistance worldwide in main malaria vectors as well as its impact on malaria transmission, and discuss the molecular mechanisms and future perspectives.

Section: Towards Malaria Elimination -A Leap Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: An Update at a Global Scale

Riveron¹,

Tchouakui²,

Mugenzi³

et al. 2018

“…A successful example of such organization is given by the Shanglin County, Guangxi [31], for reporting 1,052 imported malaria cases in 2013, all of which were successfully treated and no death cases occurred. Furthermore, although Anopheles mosquitoes were present [14], no secondary transmission occurred.…”

Section: Status After Seven Years Of Implementation Of Malaria Eliminmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Moreover, the geographic distribution range of An. sinensis has expanded and the proportion increased too [13][14][15][16]. Considering the progress of malaria elimination in China and the challenges still to be met, useful information has been generated which could be shared with the communities working on malaria elimination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Elimination in the People’s Republic of China: Current Progress, Challenges, and Prospects

Zhang¹,

Zhang²,

Feng³

et al. 2018

Self Cite

Background: Anopheles stephensi Listen (1901) is the major malaria vector in the Asia, and recently in some regions of Africa. This species includes three biological forms, namely "type", "intermediate" and "mysorensis" with varying degree of vector competence for malaria parasites. To recognize these siblings of An. stephensi lab strain, we used the morphological features of eggs and several genetic markers i.e. Obp1 (odorant binding protein), mitochondrial oxidases subunit 1 and 2 (COI and COII), nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 locus (ITS2). Methods: Eggs were collected from individual mosquito (n = 50) and observed for the number of ridges under stereomicroscope. DNA was extracted from female mosquitoes. After amplifying fragments by using different genetic markers (Obp1, COI, COII and ITS2), the PCR products were puri ed and sequenced using Sanger Sequence Technology. Phylogenetic analysis was performed after aligning query sequences against the submitted sequences in GenBank using bioinformatics software. Results: The range of ridges number on each egg oat was 12-13 that corresponds to the mysorensis form. Sequence analysis for COI, COII and ITS2 demonstrated 100%, 99.46% and 99.29% similarity of our species with other Chinese, Indian and Iranian strains of An. stephensi. All the sequences of Obp1 intron I region matched 100% with the previously submitted sequences for An. stephensi sibling C (mysorensis form) from Iran and Afghanistan. Conclusion: The current study elaborately describes the morphological and molecular details (sequence

“…baimaii, and An. minimus [72,73], are able to avoid indoor sprayed surfaces because of their exophilic and exophagic characteristics [70,74,75] rendering most domicile-based interventions, like long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), less effective [74,76]. Other challenges include insecticide resistance [77] and absence of local vector surveillance [78].…”

Section: Towards Malaria Elimination -A Leap Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mobile populations along the border areas often live in poverty and have poor access to healthcare services. Movement of people across international borders has contributed to maintaining high transmission hotspots adjacent to border points [73,105,113].…”

Section: Migration and Cross-border Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ending Malaria Transmission in the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) Countries: Challenges and the Way Forward

Wangdi¹,

Clements²

2018

Member countries in the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) are pursuing the global goal of malaria elimination by 2030. Different countries are in various phases of malaria elimination and this review aims to present a compilation of available evidence on the challenges and way forward for malaria elimination in APMEN countries. Malaria transmission in these States is complex. APMEN member countries include the largest populations living in areas of malaria transmission risk outside Africa. They are a global source for spread of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) resistance, include the biggest burden of Plasmodium vivax and zoonotic malaria, and face many geopolitical and socioeconomic factors that will challenge malaria elimination efforts. These challenges can be addressed in part through operational research to identify country-specific solutions, making better use of operational data such as through spatial decision support system (SDSS) approaches, strengthening surveillance, and cross-border initiative for coordinated action.