Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific rim during recent El Niño Modoki and El Niño events

Weng, Hengyi; Behera, Swadhin K.; Yamagata, Toshio

doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0394-6

Cited by 332 publications

(304 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…For the newer record, we can confirm that central Pacific events tend to start later in the calendar year than eastern-Pacific events (Kao and Yu, 2009), but found that most events of either type end up becoming basin-wide nevertheless, rendering their distinction less meaningful once fully established. In a related matter, we understand that so-called El Niño Modoki events (Weng et al, 2007(Weng et al, , 2009) are simplified versions of the 2nd principal component of the tropical Pacific SST field which by definition is orthogonal to the 1st principal component of this field (which, in turn, depicts the SST pattern associated with ENSO). However, since the Modoki SST pattern is frozen in space through the year (Weng et al, 2007), while the MEI (and MEI.ext) shows some seasonal variation of its loading patterns, it turns out that the MEI is not always orthogonal to Modoki SST.…”

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext)

Wolter

Timlin

2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

950

696

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El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains the most important coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon to cause global climate variability on seasonal to interannual time scales. This paper addresses the need for a reliable ENSO index that allows for the historical definition of ENSO events in the instrumental record back to 1871. The Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) was originally defined as the first seasonally varying principal component of six atmosphere-ocean (COADS) variable fields in the tropical Pacific basin. It provides for a more complete and flexible description of the ENSO phenomenon than single variable ENSO indices such as the SOI or Niño 3.4 SST. Here we describe our effort to boil the MEI concept down to its most essential components (based on SLP, SST) to enable historical analyses that more than double its period of record to 1871-2005. The new MEI.ext confirms that ENSO activity went through a lull in the earlyto mid-20th century, but was just about as prevalent one century ago as in recent decades. We diagnose strong relationships between peak amplitudes of ENSO events and their duration, as well as between their peak amplitudes and their spacing (periodicity). Our effort is designed to help with the assessment of ENSO conditions through as long a record as possible to be able to differentiate between 'natural' ENSO behaviour in all its rich facets, and the 'Brave New World' of this phenomenon under evolving GHG-related climate conditions. So far, none of the behaviour of recent ENSO events appears unprecedented, including duration, onset timing, and spacing in the last few decades compared to a full century before then.

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Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext)

Wolter

Timlin

2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

950

696

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“…For the CP-ENSO conditions, the atmospheric teleconnections exhibit a distinctive feature compared with those for the EP ENSO due to the different location of warming (cooling) SST anomalies (e.g., Li and Zhou 2012;Yu and Kim 2011;Weng et al 2009;Zhang et al 2014a, b). Do the impacts of CP El Niño and CP La Niña on the circulation anomalies have strong asymmetric signals just as the aforementioned conditions for the EP ENSO?…”

Section: Cp Enso Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is completely different from the conventional ENSO with warming (cooling) SST anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific (i.e., eastern-Pacific (EP) ENSO) in both the spatial pattern and climate impacts (Feng et al 2010(Feng et al , 2011Weng et al 2007;Wang and Wang 2014;Yang and Jiang 2014;Yu and Kim 2011;Zhang et al 2013; among others). For example, Weng et al (2007Weng et al ( , 2009 gave us a general comparison of the impacts of CP and EP El Niño on the Pacific rim regions for the winter and summer seasons. Yuan et al (2012) suggested that evolutions of the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone that bridges El Niño to the East Asian climate display distinct features in the location, intensity and lifetime for the CP and EP ENSO through the linear partial correlation method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry of the winter extra-tropical teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere associated with two types of ENSO

Feng

Chen

2016

Clim Dyn

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“…Since the late 1970s, El Niño events have had a different structure with maximum SST anomalies in the central Pacific flanked by colder SSTs to the east and west ). They are called El Niño Modoki events and are known to have different global impacts (Weng et al , 2009). As they may occur more frequently in a hypothetical warmer planet (Ashok and Yamagata 2009), it is of interest to consider them as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution dynamical downscaling of re-analysis data over the Kerguelen Islands using the WRF model

Fonseca

Martín‐Torres

2018

Theor Appl Climatol

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We have used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the climate of the Kerguelen Islands (49°S, 69°E) and investigate its inter-annual variability. Here, we have dynamically downscaled 30 years of the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) over these islands at 3-km horizontal resolution. The model output is found to agree well with the station and radiosonde data at the Port-aux-Français station, the only location in the islands for which observational data is available. An analysis of the seasonal mean WRF data showed a general increase in precipitation and decrease in temperature with elevation. The largest seasonal rainfall amounts occur at the highest elevations of the Cook Ice Cap in winter where the summer mean temperature is around 0°C. Five modes of variability are considered: conventional and Modoki El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Subtropical IOD (SIOD) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM). It is concluded that a key mechanism by which these modes impact the local climate is through interaction with the diurnal cycle in particular in the summer season when it has a larger magnitude. One of the most affected regions is the area just to the east of the Cook Ice Cap extending into the lower elevations between the Gallieni and Courbet Peninsulas. The WRF simulation shows that despite the small annual variability, the atmospheric flow in the Kerguelen Islands is rather complex which may also be the case for the other islands located in the Southern Hemisphere at similar latitudes.

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Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific rim during recent El Niño Modoki and El Niño events

Cited by 332 publications

References 47 publications

El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext)

El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext)

Asymmetry of the winter extra-tropical teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere associated with two types of ENSO

High-resolution dynamical downscaling of re-analysis data over the Kerguelen Islands using the WRF model

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