Anomalous time structure of extensive air shower particle flows in the knee region of primary cosmic ray spectrum

Antonova, V. P.; Chubenko, A. P.; Kryukov, S. V.; Nesterova, N. M.; Shepetov, A. L.; Piscal, V. V.; Vildanova, L. I.; Zhdanov, G. B.

doi:10.1088/0954-3899/28/2/306

Cited by 32 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…However, the discovery of neutrons delayed by hundreds microseconds in the shower core made by Chubenko A.P. and his group with the Tien-Shan neutron monitor [38,39,40,41,42] seemed to be unexpected and attracted an attention [43,44,45,46,47].…”

Section: Interactions Of Eas With Detectors and An Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extensive air showers and the physics of high energy interactions

Erlykin

2007

Astroparticle Physics

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Extensive Air Showers are still the only source of information on primary cosmic rays and their interactions at energies above PeV. However, this information is hidden inside the multiplicative character of the cascading process. Inspite of the great experimental and theoretical efforts the results of different studies are often ambiguous and even conflicting. These controversies can partly be referred to imperfections of our models of high energy particle interactions.The first part of the paper is concerned with this problem. The author thinks that the present models should be corrected to give slightly deeper penetration of the cascade into the atmosphere. In this respect the modification suggested by the QGSJET-II model seems to be the step in the right direction. The Sibyll 2.1 model provides a similar penetrating properies. However, this modification is not enough and a small additional transfer of the energy from EAS hadrons to the electromagnetic component is needed too. As a possible candidate for such a process the inelastic charge exchange of pions is discussed.In the second part of the paper the author discusses the need to account for the interaction of EAS with the stuff of detectors, their environment and the ground in the light of the 'neutron thunder' phenomenon, discovered recently.

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Section: Interactions Of Eas With Detectors and An Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the experimental study of the neutron 'thunder' revealed that delayed neutrons are accompanied by gamma-quanta and electrons [41], which in principle could give a signal in water tanks.…”

Section: Interactions Of Eas With Detectors and An Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive air showers and the physics of high energy interactions

Erlykin

2007

Astroparticle Physics

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“…The distributions presented in [8] indicate that their distortions have most likely a methodical explanation connected with the 'saturation' of neutron counting rate at the high neutron intensities. The arguments for that conclusion are the following: (i) the maximum 'saturation' counting rate of the standard neutron monitor unit with 6 counters of SNM15 type ( the dead time τ ≈ 2µs ) is expected as 6/τ ≈ 3µs −1 ; (ii) this saturation is expected to start close to the observed neutron multiplicity…”

Section: The Change Of the Temporal Distributionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…In the detailed study [8] of the effect it has been claimed that the process has a threshold and the delayed neutrons appear at PeV primary energies, i.e. in the region of the 'knee' observed in the primary cosmic-ray ( CR ) energy spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neutron ‘thunder’ accompanying the extensive air shower

Erlykin¹

2007

J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.

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Simulations show that neutrons are the most abundant component among extensive air shower hadrons. However, multiple neutrons which appear with long delays in neutron monitors nearby the EAS core ( 'neutron thunder' ) are mostly not the neutrons of the shower, but have a secondary origin. The bulk of them is produced by high energy EAS hadrons hitting the monitors. The delays are due to the termalization and diffusion of neutrons in the moderator and reflector of the monitor accompanied by the production of secondary gamma-quanta. This conclusion raises the important problem of the interaction of EAS with the ground, the stuff of the detectors and their environment since they have often hydrogen containing materials like polyethilene in neutron monitors. Such interaction can give an additional contribution to the signal in the EAS detectors. It can be particularly important for the signals from scintillator or water tank detectors at km-long distances from the EAS core where neutrons of the shower become the dominant component after a few µs behind the EAS front.

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“…Typically for these events is the instantaneous generation of an extremely large number (up to some thousands) of evaporation neutrons as an interaction result of energetic EAS core hadrons with monitor substances; later on, these neutrons are quickly thermalized and diffuse in the monitor during some milliseconds [5]. The MCU acquisition program permits to trace the events of such a type in the current signal flow, and to precisely register the time behavior of neutron intensity with 10-30 µs resolution over the time of some milliseconds uninterruptedly, which functionality, again, goes on in parallel and independently on the basic counting rate measurements.…”

Section: Isvhecri 2016mentioning

confidence: 99%

The STM32 microcontroller based pulse intensity registration system for the neutron monitor

et al. 2017

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Abstract. We present the outlines of a new microcontroller based data acquisition system which is aimed for reliable operation in a typical cosmic ray particle registration experiment. The system supports connection of up to 16 input signals and ensures the following operation functionality: (1) stable monitoring of the intensity of a digital pulse signal, or digitization of a continuous potential level with a low time resolution (typically, about 1 s-100 s); (2) registration of uninterruptable high-resolution (up to 5-10 µs) time series of the input signal intensity; (3) synchronization of registered time series with both external (physical) or local (programbased) trigger signal; (4) possibility of an on-the-fly change of the whole configuration of informational system (both the combination and type of input signals, time resolution and sum duration of the time series measurements, trigger logic, etc.) immediately in operation time through convenient communication by plain text messages in dialog mode. In particular, the considered system is applied now for a long-term, high precision measurement of the counting rate of neutron signals at the NM64 type neutron supermonitor of the Tien Shan mountain cosmic ray station, with a real-time representation of the whole collected dataset in a WWW database.

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Anomalous time structure of extensive air shower particle flows in the knee region of primary cosmic ray spectrum

Cited by 32 publications

References 8 publications

Extensive air showers and the physics of high energy interactions

Extensive air showers and the physics of high energy interactions

The neutron ‘thunder’ accompanying the extensive air shower

The STM32 microcontroller based pulse intensity registration system for the neutron monitor

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