The thermodynamic quantities of metals and alloys are studied using the moment method in the quantum statistical mechanics, going beyond the quasi-harmonic (QH) approximations. Including the power moments of the atomic displacements up to the fourth order, the free energies and the related thermodynamic quantities are derived explicitly in closed analytic forms. The configurational entropy term is taken into account by coupling the moment expansion scheme with the cluster variation method (CVM). The energetics of the binary (TaW) alloys are treated within the framework of the firstprinciples tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital (TB-LMTO) method coupled to the coherent potential approximation (CPA) and generalized perturbation method (GPM). The equilibrium phase diagrams are calculated for the refractory Ta-W bcc alloys.
I. INTRODUCTIONTHE explicit analytic calculations of the thermodynamic quantities of metals and alloys are of great importance for the fundamental understanding of phase stabilities and phase transitions and also for the purpose of materials (alloy) designs. [1,2] However, they have been calculated so far extensively by using the molecular dynamics methods or the Monte Carlo simulations. [3,4] It is the purpose of the present article to study the thermodynamic quantities of metals and alloys using the moment method in the quantum statistical mechanics, hereafter referred to as the statistical moment method (SMM). [5,6] We first derive the Helmholtz free energy formula, C 5 E À TS, of metals and alloys using the fourth-order moment approximation, and then calculate the thermodynamic quantities, i.e., thermal lattice expansions, root-mean-square atomic displacements, specific heats, Grüneisen constants, elastic moduli, and melting temperatures. The application calculations using the SMM are performed for ordinary cubic metals and for the bcc alloys. Recently, much attention has been paid to alloy systems made of refractory metals of columns VB and VIB of the Periodic Table [7,8] and, in particular, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W, which display high melting temperature space and nuclear applications. In view of this, we calculate the equilibrium phase diagram of Ta-W alloys including the effects of thermal lattice vibrations.
II. THEORYWe derive the thermodynamic quantities of metals and alloys, taking into account the higher order (fourth-order) anharmonic contributions in the thermal lattice vibrations going beyond the quasi-harmonic (QH) approximation. The basic equations for obtaining thermodynamic quantities are derived in the following manner: The equilibrium thermal lattice expansions are calculated by the force balance criterion and then the thermodynamic quantities are determined for the equilibrium lattice spacings. The anharmonic contributions to the thermodynamic quantities are given explicitly in terms of the power moments of the thermal atomic displacements.We consider a quantum system, which is influenced by supplemental forces a i in the space of the generalized coordinates q i . [5,6] The Hami...