Anomalous First Breakdown Behavior for HFO1234ze(E)

Ranjan, Prem; Chen, L.; Alabani, A.; Bahdad, Faisal Omar; Cotton, Ian; Zel, Luke Van der

doi:10.1109/tdei.2021.009676

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…For C3H2F4, the data trend can be seen to have less variation when compared to that for SF6 and 30% CF3I / 70% CO2, especially under +LI. This is due to the soot formation after the first breakdown [4] occurred for both LI polarities. The first breakdown behavior for C3H2F4 is illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…4. For C3H2F4 and SF6, higher U50 values were observed for -LI on account of a positively headed space charge at the HV electrode which reduces the electric field [4]. However, 30% CF3I / 70% CO2 exhibit higher U50 in +LI than -LI.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The dark colored soot deposited on electrodes was identified as fluorinated carbon due to pyrolysis. Experiments carried out in [4] showed soot formation which did not appear to react with the metal electrode surface and can be easily wiped off. The formation of soot can be minimized with the addition of O2.…”

Section: Soot Formation In C3h2f4mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3M TM developed Novec TM insulating gases, namely, C3F7CN (C4-FN or Novec TM 4710) and C5F10O (C5-FK or Novec TM 5110) which have been widely researched with newbuild equipment installed in the network [3]. C3H2F4, also known as HFO1234ze(E) is researched as a potential SF6 alternatives but generates soot formation [4] due to pyrolysis under electrical discharges. CF3I is another candidate investigated as a mixture with CO2 or N2 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of LI test sequence for C3H2F4 using 25 mm dia. hemisphere to plane configuration with a gap of 10 mm and under a pressure of 2 bar[4]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF₆ and its Alternatives

Ranjan

Han

Bahdad

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD)

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SF6 alternatives with significantly lower environmental impact have been extensively researched. This paper investigates two electrode configurations and test pressures to mimic the conditions as found in MV/HV equipment to systematically compare the breakdown performance of SF6, C3H2F4 and a mixture of 30% CF3I / 70% CO2 under AC and LI stresses. SF6 possesses comparatively better breakdown performance than the other alternatives investigated in this study. C3H2F4 shows "first breakdown" behavior and only the stable data series is considered for evaluation of 50% breakdown voltage, U50. The lower boiling points of C3H2F4 and CF3I limit its potential application to medium-voltage equipment with a low operating pressure. Due to pyrolysis, there is formation of soot and iodine post-breakdown in C3H2F4 and 30% CF3I / 70% CO2 respectively. This will reduce their dielectric performance and could pose health hazard to maintenance personnel.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Soot Formation In C3h2f4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of LI test sequence for C3H2F4 using 25 mm dia. hemisphere to plane configuration with a gap of 10 mm and under a pressure of 2 bar[4]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF₆ and its Alternatives

Ranjan

Han

Bahdad

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD)

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Theoretical Characterizations on the Eco-Friendly Gas Tetrafluoropropyne for Electrical Insulation to Replace Sulfur Hexafluoride

Zhang,

Hou,

Wang

2023

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Gases for electric insulation are essential for various types of highvoltage power equipment. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) has been a dielectric medium commonly used in electrical grids for decades but it is the most potent industrial greenhouse gas. The continuous increase of SF 6 emissions in the atmosphere exerts a significant impact on global warming. The identification of suitable drop-in replacements for all SF 6 -filled apparatuses has been elusive experimentally and theoretically. We claim that tetrafluoropropyne, C 3 F 4 , is a breakthrough in chemical alternatives to SF 6 . The performance of C 3 F 4 was assessed systematically in a 6-dimensional manner, including dielectric strength, liquefaction temperature, global warming potential, thermal stability, toxicity, and arc interruption. On the basis of the extensive ab initio calculations, it has been demonstrated rigorously that C 3 F 4 is an environmentally sustainable solution that may fulfill the complex combination of performance, stability, safety, and environmental properties, namely, the dielectric strength is about 50% higher than that of SF 6 , the boiling point is −50 °C, the GWP for 100 year time horizons is only 3, the decomposition temperature is above 600 °C, the toxicity is as low as HFOs, and the interruption capability is twothirds of SF 6 . Two protocols are suggested for the practical use of C 3 F 4 . First, equivalence to 0.5 MPa SF 6 could be obtained by filling 0.33 MPa C 3 F 4 pure gas and lead minimum operating temperature down to −21 °C. Second, by taking advantage of synergism effect, the 40% C 3 F 4 /60% CO 2 mixture is a viable alternative to SF 6 with the operating temperature −30 °C without causing any environmental and safety concerns. The present theoretical work sheds new light on the challenging topic of the development of alternative dielectric gases and may stimulate experimental tests on the electrical applications of C 3 F 4 in the future.

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Theoretical Study on the Mechanisms and Kinetics of Atmospheric Oxidation of Tetrafluoropropyne and Its Analogues

Zhang,

Hou,

Wang

2024

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Tetrafluoropropyne (C 3 F 4 ) is a potential dielectric in various electrical insulating equipment to replace the most potent industrial greenhouse gas, sulfur hexafluoride. Atmospheric oxidation of C 3 F 4 by OH radicals in the presence of molecular O 2 has been investigated theoretically in order to clarify the lifetime and degradation products at mechanistic and kinetic aspects. Energetic minimum-energy pathways for the C 3 F 4 + OH/O 2 reactions were calculated in detail using various theoretical methods including density functional M06-2X and CCSD for geometries, CBS-QB3, CCSD(T), and multireference RS2 with extrapolation to the complete basis-set limit for energies. It has been demonstrated that the C 3 F 4 + OH reaction takes place via the bifurcated C−O addition/elimination routes leading to CF 3 C(OH)�CF and CF 3 C�C(OH)F radical adducts, where the latter is more preferable in view of the difference in barrier heights (1.3 vs 0.3 kcal/mol), followed by H-migration, HF-elimination, and C−C and C−F bond fission. The atmospheric lifetime of C 3 F 4 was estimated to be about 13 days, which is indicative of a very short-lived substance in the atmosphere. Further degradation of the energy-rich C 3 F 4 OH* intermediates by O 2 takes place spontaneously in view of the successive barrier-free and highly exothermic pathways, producing a variety of fluorinated acids, anhydrides, biacetyls, and regenerating OH radicals. For comparison, the reactions of C 3 H 4 , CF 3 CCH, and CH 3 CCF with OH radicals were examined to clarify the F-substitution effect. It is revealed that the reactivity of fluoropropynes could be either reduced by CF 3 or enhanced by atomic F attached to the acetylenic carbon. The present work provides a fundamental understanding of the reactions of fluoroalkynes with OH/O 2 . The use of C 3 F 4 as a promising eco-friendly gaseous dielectric alternative to SF 6 has been supported.

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Anomalous First Breakdown Behavior for HFO1234ze(E)

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF₆ and its Alternatives

Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF₆ and its Alternatives

Theoretical Characterizations on the Eco-Friendly Gas Tetrafluoropropyne for Electrical Insulation to Replace Sulfur Hexafluoride

Theoretical Study on the Mechanisms and Kinetics of Atmospheric Oxidation of Tetrafluoropropyne and Its Analogues

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Anomalous First Breakdown Behavior for HFO1234ze(E)

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF6 and its Alternatives

Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF6 and its Alternatives

Theoretical Characterizations on the Eco-Friendly Gas Tetrafluoropropyne for Electrical Insulation to Replace Sulfur Hexafluoride

Theoretical Study on the Mechanisms and Kinetics of Atmospheric Oxidation of Tetrafluoropropyne and Its Analogues

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Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF₆ and its Alternatives

Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF₆ and its Alternatives