Anomalous bodily-self experiences among recreational ketamine users

Wilkins, Leanne K.; Girard, Todd A.; Cheyne, J. Allan

doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.663162

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…At plasma concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 ng/ml (0.21-0.84 mM; Bowdle et al, 1998), ketamine dose dependently enhances sensory perception (i.e., intensity of sound), emotional connectedness, feelings of unreality, and out-of-body experiences, and may be associated with visual Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology hallucinations, altered perceptions of self and time, and floating sensations (Hansen et al, 1988;Bowdle et al, 1998;Jansen, 2000;Muetzelfeldt et al, 2008;Wilkins et al, 2012). Undesired effects reported by illicit users include dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, vomiting, palpitations, and chest pain (Siegel, 1978;Dalgarno and Shewan, 1996;Weiner et al, 2000;Muetzelfeldt et al, 2008); see section on peripheral effects below.…”

Section: Clinical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms

et al. 2018

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Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of ()- and ()-ketamine, has been in clinical use since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine also exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant actions. We provide a comprehensive review of these therapeutic uses, emphasizing drug dose, route of administration, and the time course of these effects. Dissociative, psychotomimetic, cognitive, and peripheral side effects associated with short-term or prolonged exposure, as well as recreational ketamine use, are also discussed. We further describe ketamine's pharmacokinetics, including its rapid and extensive metabolism to norketamine, dehydronorketamine, hydroxyketamine, and hydroxynorketamine (HNK) metabolites. Whereas the anesthetic and analgesic properties of ketamine are generally attributed to direct ketamine-induced inhibition of -methyl-D-aspartate receptors, other putative lower-affinity pharmacological targets of ketamine include, but are not limited to, γ-amynobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, sigma, opioid, and cholinergic receptors, as well as voltage-gated sodium and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. We examine the evidence supporting the relevance of these targets of ketamine and its metabolites to the clinical effects of the drug. Ketamine metabolites may have broader clinical relevance than was previously considered, given that HNK metabolites have antidepressant efficacy in preclinical studies. Overall, pharmacological target deconvolution of ketamine and its metabolites will provide insight critical to the development of new pharmacotherapies that possess the desirable clinical effects of ketamine, but limit undesirable side effects.

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Section: Clinical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms

et al. 2018

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“…For example, Varnhagen and Zumbo (1990) found that student learning of statistical concepts was difficult to affect directly through instruction; however, the educational format (i.e., instructional treatment) influenced a mediator (i.e., student attitude) and had an indirect effect on the outcome (i.e., student performance) through a mediational process. Although it has not received as much attention outside of the social sciences, mediation analysis is of growing interest in the other fields such as psychiatry (Meyer-Lindenberg & Weinberger, 2006), neurobiology (Stoltenberg et al 2002), behavior genetics (Munafò, 2006), neuropsychiatry (Wilkins, Girard, & Cheyne, 2012), experimental gerontology (Barger, Kayo, Pugh, Prolla, &Weindruch, 2008), gene expression studies (Allison, Heo, Schork, Wong, & Elston, 2002), health behavior (Veitch et al, 2012), nutrition (Hanks et al, 2010; Forestell & Mennella, 2012), ophthalmology (Popescu et al, 2012), pain management (Meulders, Vansteenwegen, & Vlaeyen, 2012) and quality-of-life research (Cox et al, 2011;).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tests of Mediation: Paradoxical Decline in Statistical Power as a Function of Mediator Collinearity

Beasley

2013

The Journal of Experimental Education

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Increasing the correlation between the independent variable and the mediator (a coefficient) increases the effect size (ab) for mediation analysis; however, increasing a by definition increases collinearity in mediation models. As a result, the standard error of product tests increase. The variance inflation due to increases in a at some point outweighs the increase of the effect size (ab) and results in a loss of statistical power. This phenomenon also occurs with nonparametric bootstrapping approaches because the variance of the bootstrap distribution of ab approximates the variance expected from normal theory. Both variances increase dramatically when a exceeds the b coefficient, thus explaining the power decline with increases in a. Implications for statistical analysis and applied researchers are discussed.

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“…the impression of being 'teleported' outside of a body to another location in space; ii) the impression of seeing the world from a different visuo-spatial perspective; and iii) the impression of seeing a body from this new perspective (Bunning & Blanke, 2005). This phenomenon is can be observed in some patients with neurological (Blanke, Landis, Spinelli, & Seeck, 2004) and psychiatric (Simeon, 2004) conditions as well as drug abuse (Wilkins, Girard, & Cheyne, 2012). Ehrsson (2007) demonstrated that it is possible to experimentally generate an out-ofbody experience in healthy participants in a systematic manner using virtual reality and tactile stimulation (Fig.…”

Section: Fmri and Out-of-body Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Bodily Self-Consciousness and the Brain Using Multisensory Perturbation and fMRI

et al. 2017

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In this article, we consider the usefulness of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and perturbation in evaluating causal relationships between bodily self-consciousness and the brain. We argue that fMRI research is not always restricted to correlational statements when it is combined with perturbation techniques and can sometimes permit some degree of causal inferencing, such as when bodily illusions are examined with fMRI. In these instances, one is changing a participant’s conscious bodily self by experimentally perturbing mechanisms that are involved in multisensory integration

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Anomalous bodily-self experiences among recreational ketamine users

Abstract: The results corroborate this structural model of out-of-body phenomena and encourage a framework for future studies into aetiological mechanisms of out-of-body experiences to include neurochemical systems.

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms

Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms

Tests of Mediation: Paradoxical Decline in Statistical Power as a Function of Mediator Collinearity

Evaluating Bodily Self-Consciousness and the Brain Using Multisensory Perturbation and fMRI

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