Anomalies of the inferior vena cava and renal veins: embryologic and surgical considerations

Congenital anomalies of the IVC—embryological perspective and clinical relevance

“…Left IVC can be misdiagnosed as a left-sided para-aortic adenopathy (40). This anomaly must also be considered when interventional radiologists are placing an IVC filter, especially through a transjugular approach (26), and when repairing aortic aneurysms (41). In patients with chronic central venous occlusions in the chest requiring longterm central venous catheters, access into the infrarenal IVC via a translumbar approach is a viable alternative (42).…”

A combined variation of the right urogenital veins and bilaterally renal arteries

“…The normal testicular veins, the renal veins, and the segments of the inferior vena cava into which the testicular veins drain, have a common origin from the foetal subcardinal vein. The right subcardinal vein becomes the main drainage channel and develops into the renal segment of the inferior vena cava, right renal vein and right testicular vein [9,11,12,16]. In this context, variations of the urogenital veins are caused by dysplasia of the subcardinal venous system during embryogenesis.…”

“…The right renal and gonadal vein is a tributary of the inferior vena cava, respectively, whereas the left renal vein receives the left suprarenal and left gonadal veins in addition to that coming from the kidney. Anatomical variation in renal and testicular vessels has been reported in detail because of its importance in surgical, radiologic procedures pertaining to kidney and testis as well as its embryogenesis [11,14,16]. Their respective variations have already been reported as individual cases, but the occurrence of combined variations of the urogenital vasculature in a same person need to be reported for understanding the complicated urogenital systems.…”

Abnormal Pattern of Renal and Gonadal Veins and Its Developmental Correlation

“…Our findings are also suggested that right side venous variations are more common than left. These anomalies of renal veins are associated with the development of the vena cava from the different parts of the cardinal veins of the embryo [12,13]. Accessory renal vein has named any extra vein other than renal vein emerging out of kidney and draining separately in the Inferior Vena Cava as.…”