Anomalies of the Atrial Septum

Geva, Tal

doi:10.1002/9781118742440.ch11

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…The flap of the foramen ovale is termed the ''fossa ovalis'' and is formed by the septum secundum, septum primum (which attaches on the left atrial [LA] side of the septum secundum), and the AV canal septum. 15 The septum primum becomes contiguous with the systemic venous tributaries to form the inflow of the superior and inferior vena cavae. The sinus venosus septum is an adjacent structure to the atrial septum that separates the right pulmonary veins from the superior vena cava (SVC) and posterior right atrium (RA).…”

Section: Normal Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sinus venosus septum is an adjacent structure to the atrial septum that separates the right pulmonary veins from the superior vena cava (SVC) and posterior right atrium (RA). 15 The coronary sinus is separated from the LA by a wall of tissue called the coronary sinus septum. The anterosuperior portion of the atrial septum is adjacent to the right aortic sinus of Valsalva.…”

Section: Normal Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale: From the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Silvestry

Cohen

Armsby

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography

394

428

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Section: Normal Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Normal Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale: From the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Silvestry

Cohen

Armsby

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography

394

428

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…B). We, therefore, found no evidence to suggest that muscular tissue was missing from its crest that could be interpreted as representing a ventricular part of the ‘canal septum’ (Geva, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A). It can be considered to represent an atrial ‘canal septum’ (Geva, ). The remaining rims of the oval foramen have been formed by remodelling of the original walls of the right and left atrial chambers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knowledge concerning the morphological changes accompanying the mechanistic processes, however, has not always kept pace with the molecular findings. When considering the fate of the atrioventricular endocardial cushions, it has often been presumed that they form a ‘valvoseptal complex’, the inference being that contributions are made by the cushions to the atrial and ventricular septal structures (Geva, ), even though evidence for such contributions in mammalian hearts, to the best of our knowledge, is thus far lacking (Briggs et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clarifying the morphology of the ostium primum defect

Anderson

Mohun²,

Brown

2015

Journal of Anatomy

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The 'ostium primum' defect is still frequently considered to be the consequence of deficient atrial septation, although the key feature is a common atrioventricular junction. The bridging leaflets of the common atrioventricular valve, which are joined to each other, are depressed distal to the atrioventricular junction, and fused to the crest of the muscular ventricular septum, which is bowed in the concave direction towards the ventricular apex. As a result, shunting across the defect occurs between the atrial chambers. These observations suggest that the basic deficiency in the 'ostium primum' defect is best understood as a product of defective atrioventricular septation, rather than an atrial septal defect. We have now encountered four examples of 'ostium primum' defects in mouse embryos that support this view. These were identified from a large number of mouse embryo hearts collected from a normal, outbred mouse colony and analysed by episcopic microscopy as part of an ongoing study of normal mouse cardiac development. The abnormal hearts were identified from embryos collected at embryonic days 15.5, 16.5 and 18.5 (two cases). We have analysed the features of the abnormal hearts, and compared the findings with those obtained in the large number of normally developed embryos. Our data show that the key feature of normal atrioventricular septation is the ventral growth through the right pulmonary ridge of a protrusion from the dorsal pharyngeal mesenchyme, confirming previous findings. This protrusion, known as the vestibular spine, or the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion, reinforces the closure of the primary atrial foramen, and muscularises along with the mesenchymal cap of the primary atrial septum to form the ventro-caudal buttress of the oval foramen, identified by some as the 'canal septum'. Detailed analysis of the four abnormal hearts suggests that in each case there has been failure of growth of the vestibular spine, with the result that the common atrioventricular junction found earlier during normal development now persists during cardiac development. Failure of separation of the common junction also accounts for the trifoliate arrangement of the left atrioventricular valve in the abnormal hearts. Analysis of the episcopic datasets also permits recognition of the location of the atrioventricular conduction axis. Comparison of the location of this tract in the normal and abnormal hearts shows that there is no separate formation of a ventricular component of the 'canal septum' as part of normal development. We conclude that it is abnormal formation of the primary atrial septum that is the cause of so-called 'secundum' atrial septal defects, whereas it is the failure to produce a second contribution to atrial septation (via growth of the vestibular spine) that results in the 'ostium primum' defect.

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Anomalies of the Atrial Septum

Cited by 2 publications

References 90 publications

Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale: From the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale: From the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Clarifying the morphology of the ostium primum defect

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