Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of zinc at a 3-D printed carbon nanofiber–graphite–polystyrene electrode using a carbon pseudo-reference electrode

Honeychurch, Kevin C.; Rymansaib, Zuhayr; Iravani, Pejman

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.04.054

Cited by 68 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The SPE was positioned at the bottom of the cell on a rubber O‐ring using screws printed with the 3D‐printer (like that shown in Figure ). The internal diameter of O‐ring (0.8 cm) limits the region where the three electrodes (working, counter, and pseudo‐reference) come in contact with the solution into the electrochemical cell . Once placed in the cell containing supporting electrolyte, triplicate injections can be programmed without removing the tip from the cell.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D‐printed Portable Platform for Mechanized Handling and Injection of Microvolumes Coupled to Electrochemical Detection

et al. 2019

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We present a low‐cost mechanized system fabricated using fused deposition modelling 3D‐printing technology to manipulate microvolumes and perform injections on an electrochemical cell in wall‐jet configuration. As a proof‐of‐concept, the amperometric detection of paracetamol (model analyte) on a screen‐printed electrode using 0.5 μL aliquots resulted in highly reproducible responses (RSD <3 %). Moreover, handling of microliter aliquots of butylhydroxytoluene (phenolic antioxidant) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to promote the radical‐scavenging reaction to determine antioxidant capacity by electrochemical detection of residual DPPH was demonstrated (time‐controlled reaction). A final application of the system was devoted to the analysis of cocaine and a common adulterant found in seized samples. The mechanized 3D‐printed analytical platform is capable to execute diverse sample preparation steps on board by handling microliter aliquots and subsequent electrochemical detection. 3D‐printing technology enabled the fabrication of a versatile and low‐cost (

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D‐printed Portable Platform for Mechanized Handling and Injection of Microvolumes Coupled to Electrochemical Detection

et al. 2019

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“…Another advantage of FDM is that devices incorporating fluid handling and sensing elements can be fabricated in a single step using multi-material printing [37][38][39]. FDM printed electrochemical sensors employing graphene/PLA have been used to detect neurotransmitters [40,41] pharmaceuticals [42], explosives [43], and heavy metals [44][45][46][47]. In spite of a significant amount of attention, a thorough investigation of 3D printed sensors for heavy metal quantification has not yet been presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) Using Native and Modified 3D Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Electrodes

et al. 2020

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Here we investigate the use of 3D printed graphene/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) electrodes for quantifying trace amounts of Hg, Pb, and Cd. We prepared cylindrical electrodes by sealing a 600 μm diameter graphene/PLA filament in a pipette tip filled with epoxy. We characterized the electrodes using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry in ferrocene methanol. The physical characterization showed a significant amount of disorder in the carbon structure and the electrochemical characterization showed quasi‐reversible behavior without any electrode pretreatment. We then used unmodified graphene/PLA electrode to quantify Hg, and Pb and Cd in 0.01 M HCl and 0.1 M acetate buffer using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. We were able to quantify Hg with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.1 nM (1.2 ppb), but Pb and Cd did not present measurable peaks at concentrations below ∼400 nM. We improved the LODs for Pb and Cd by depositing Bi microparticles on the graphene/PLA and, after optimization, achieved clear stripping peaks at the 20 nM level for both ions (4.1 and 2.2 ppb for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively). The results obtained for all three metals allowed quantification below the US Environmental Protection Agency action limits in drinking water.

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“…[37][38][39] FDM printed electrochemical sensors employing graphene/PLA have been used to detect neurotransmitters, [40] [41] pharmaceuticals, [42] explosives, [43] and heavy metals. [44][45][46][47] In spite of a significant amount of attention, 3D printed sensors for quantifying heavy metals have are not able to quantify metals at the required concentration limits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) Using 3D Printed graphene/PLA Composite Electrodes

Walters¹,

Ahmed²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Here we investigate the use of 3D printed graphene/PLA electrodes for quantifying trace amounts of Hg, Pb, and Cd. We prepared cylindrical electrodes by sealing a 600 µm diameter graphene/PLA filament in a pipette tip filled with epoxy. We characterized the electrodes using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry in ferrocene methanol. The physical characterization showed a significant amount of disorder in the carbon structure and the electrochemical characterization showed quasi-reversible behavior without any electrode pretreatment. We then used unmodified graphene/PLA electrode to quantify Hg, and Pb and Cd in 0.01 M HCl and 0.1 M acetate buffer using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. We were able to quantify Hg with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.1 nM (1.2 ppb), but Pb and Cd did not present measurable peaks at concentrations below ~400 nM. We improved the LODs for Pb and Cd by depositing Bi microparticles on the graphene/PLA and, after optimization, achieved clear stripping peaks at the 20 nM level for both ions (4.1 and 2.2 ppb for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively). The results obtained for all three metals allowed quantification below the EPA action limits in drinking water.

show abstract

Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of zinc at a 3-D printed carbon nanofiber–graphite–polystyrene electrode using a carbon pseudo-reference electrode

Cited by 68 publications

References 53 publications

3D‐printed Portable Platform for Mechanized Handling and Injection of Microvolumes Coupled to Electrochemical Detection

3D‐printed Portable Platform for Mechanized Handling and Injection of Microvolumes Coupled to Electrochemical Detection

Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) Using Native and Modified 3D Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Electrodes

Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) Using 3D Printed graphene/PLA Composite Electrodes

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