Anodic oxidation of Pb2+ → PbO2 in chloride solutions

Littauer, E.; Shreir, L.L.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(67)80016-1

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…9 Among the many electrocatalysts developed so far for CER, 10 IrO 2 and RuO 2 are industrial benchmark anode materials. 11,12 In addition, most transition metal oxides, e.g., Co 3 O 4 , 13 Fe 3 O 4 , 14 and PbO 2 , 15 cause CER to predominate in Cl − -containing solutions without being alkalized. This is because OER, a four-electron transfer process, has very sluggish kinetics compared to CER, which involves a twoelectron transfer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the many electrocatalysts developed so far for CER, IrO 2 and RuO 2 are industrial benchmark anode materials. , In addition, most transition metal oxides, e.g. , Co 3 O 4 , Fe 3 O 4 , and PbO 2 , cause CER to predominate in Cl – -containing solutions without being alkalized. This is because OER, a four-electron transfer process, has very sluggish kinetics compared to CER, which involves a two-electron transfer. − There is a scaling relation between the activities for OER and CER, which exists between the binding energies of their key intermediate species to a common active site. − Namely, when the rate-determining step is the same, catalyst materials with OER activity should also be highly active for CER.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selective Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution in Neutral Brine Electrolysis: An Oxygen-Deficient Manganese Oxide Film

Abe¹,

Murakami

Tsunekawa

et al. 2021

ACS Catal.

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Even though the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is thermodynamically much more favored than the chlorine evolution reaction (CER), the former is much more sluggish. Thus, electrolysis of solutions containing a high concentration of chlorides yields preferentially chlorine. In this study, a thin film consisting of oxygen-deficient and disordered manganese oxide nanolayers on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode exhibited a high selectivity for OER over CER in 0.5 M NaCl solution. The catalyst was fabricated by electrodeposition of layered manganese dioxide intercalated with Na+ ions (Na|MnO2) followed by heat treatment above 300 °C in air. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that, at 200 °C, oxygen vacancies started to form, accompanied by a decrease in the valence state of Mn in the oxide. The X-ray diffraction and absorption fine structure data revealed that, above 300 °C, the multilayered structure of Na|MnO2 that had been constructed during electrodeposition was disordered to yield “oxygen-deficient” MnO x nanolayers, which could lead to an increase in catalytic activity and selectivity for OER. The Na|MnO x film heat-treated at 400 °C showed a Faradaic efficiency as high as 87% in galvanostatic electrolysis at 10 mA cm–2. The Mg2+-intercalated MnO2 electrodeposited similarly did not lose its multilayered structure and did not show a decrease in the Mn valence state during heat treatment, and its activity and selectivity for OER were much inferior to those obtained with Na+.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution in Neutral Brine Electrolysis: An Oxygen-Deficient Manganese Oxide Film

Abe¹,

Murakami

Tsunekawa

et al. 2021

ACS Catal.

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“…[1], one may show that the reversible potential is 1.04V. [The apb2+ and pH at the Pb/solution interface were previously determined in 0.5M NaC1 to be 1.07 • 10 -4 and 4.5, respectively (9)]. Also, the reversible potential for the C1-/C12 reaction at a similar anode was calculated to be 1.33V (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[The apb2+ and pH at the Pb/solution interface were previously determined in 0.5M NaC1 to be 1.07 • 10 -4 and 4.5, respectively (9)]. Also, the reversible potential for the C1-/C12 reaction at a similar anode was calculated to be 1.33V (9). Thus, from reversible thermodynamic considerations, continued oxidation of Pb is to be expected, but this heterogeneous reaction is kinetically much slower and more irreversible than CI~ evolution which, therefore predominates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Activity of Na[sub 2]O-B[sub 2]O[sub 3] Melt

Sato¹,

Yokokawa²,

Kita³

et al. 1972

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…A scaling relation between the binding energetics of the OER and COR intermediates was observed on RuO 2 and IrO 2 surface ( Figure a), indicating that catalysts that interact with oxygen‐bound intermediates strongly may also bind chloride‐bound intermediates strongly. [ 63 ] As well, many transition metal oxides including Co 3 O 4 , [ 64 ] Fe 3 O 4 , [ 65 ] and PbO 2 , [ 66 ] can cause COR to predominate in Cl − ‐containing solutions without being alkalized.…”

Section: Fundamentals Of Seawater Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Design Strategy of Anode for Seawater Electrolysis

Guo,

Liu,

2023

Small Structures

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Direct electrolysis of inexhaustible seawater to generate green hydrogen represents a more environment‐friendly technology relative to freshwater electrolysis. However, current seawater splitting suffers from a low catalytic efficiency and poor operation stability caused by anodic competition between the oxygen evolution reaction and the chlorine oxidation reaction as well as the severe chloride corrosion. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest achievements in promoting the selectivity and stability in seawater electrolysis. Beginning with the fundamentals of the anode reactions during seawater splitting, various strategies to design advanced anodic electrocatalyst including surface selective layer engineering, structural regulation by heteroatoms doping and vacancies, and heterostructure construction are discussed in detail. Finally, the conclusion and the challenges in developing seawater electrolysis technology are highlighted.

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Anodic oxidation of Pb2+ → PbO2 in chloride solutions

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Selective Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution in Neutral Brine Electrolysis: An Oxygen-Deficient Manganese Oxide Film

Selective Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution in Neutral Brine Electrolysis: An Oxygen-Deficient Manganese Oxide Film

Thermodynamic Activity of Na[sub 2]O-B[sub 2]O[sub 3] Melt

Recent Progress in Design Strategy of Anode for Seawater Electrolysis

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