Anodic Growth of Highly Ordered TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Arrays to 134 μm in Length

Paulose, Maggie; Shankar, Karthik; Yoriya, Sorachon; Prakasam, Haripriya E.; Varghese, Oomman K.; Mor, Gopal K.; Latempa, Thomas A.; Fitzgerald, and Adriana; Grimes, Craig A.

doi:10.1021/jp064020k

Cited by 843 publications

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“…10 In 2006, Grimes reported a new generation of vertically oriented TiO 2 nanotubes with length up to 134 µm by using various non-aqueous electrolytes. 11 In our previous work, a TONT array was grown on the surface of a titanium substrate by the anodization technique. 12 The properties of this TONT array are investigated further in this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and photoluminiscent properties of titanium oxide nanotube arrays

Dong¹,

Huang²,

Li³

et al. 2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Um arranjo de nanotubos de óxido de titânio alinhados verticalmente foi gerado com sucesso na superfície de um substrato de titânio pela técnica de anodização. Os nanotubos foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difratometria de raios X de pó (DRX), espectroscopia Raman e espectroscopia de fotoluminescência. Os resultados indicam que o tamanho dos nanotubos de óxido de titânio é altamente dependente da voltagem aplicada e que suas propriedades de fotoluminescência são fortemente influenciadas pela estrutura cristalina. Adicionalmente, efeitos quânticos de tamanho estão presentes nas propriedades dos nanotubos de TiO 2 .An array of vertically aligned titanium oxide nanotubes was successfully grown on the surface of a titanium substrate by the anodization technique. The nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The results indicate that the size of the titanium oxide nanotube is greatly dependent on the applied voltage, and its photoluminescence properties are strongly influenced by the crystal structure. In addition, it is shown that quantum size effects are present in the optical properties of TiO 2 nanotubes. Keywords: oxides, chemical synthesis, crystal structure, photoluminescent IntroductionIn recent years, titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) has received much attention from researchers owing to its properties including photocatalytic activity. Anatase and rutile are the two main crystalline structures of TiO 2 , with band gap energies at 3.2 and 3.0 eV, respectively. 1 The photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 depends on its surface to volume ratio and crystal structure, and several studies have been performed in order to investigate these issues. 2,3 In particular, one dimensional TiO 2 such as nanotubes is more attractive because of its large specific surface area, which has more reactive sites to absorb and oxidize pollutants such as benzene, phenol, and p-chlorophenol. 4 To produce one dimensional TiO 2 , a number of methods have been used, such as hydrothermal 5 and anodic alumina membranes (AAM) methods, 6 chemical vapor deposition, 7 and anodic oxidation. 8 Among these methods, the anodic oxidation is shown to be a powerful and efficient technique. Gong has fabricated the first generation of titania nanotube array by anodization using an aqueous HF-based electrolyte, and TiO 2 nanotube (TONT) arrays could be grown up to a length of 500 nm. 9 The results from Schmuki indicate that the TONT array length can be increased up to 7 µm when the pH of the anodization electrolyte is kept high while remaining acidic. 10 In 2006, Grimes reported a new generation of vertically oriented TiO 2 nanotubes with length up to 134 µm by using various non-aqueous electrolytes. 11 In our previous work, a TONT array was grown on the surface of a titanium substrate by the anodization technique. 12 The properties of this TONT array are investigated further in this work.The photoluminescence (PL...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and photoluminiscent properties of titanium oxide nanotube arrays

Dong¹,

Huang²,

Li³

et al. 2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…Experimentally significant improvements were made by introducing pH mediation [40] as well as nonaqueous fluoride electrolytes [41][42][43] (mostly glycerol, ethylene glycol, DMSO, concentrated acids or ionic liquids). Together with voltage control and -alteration procedures, this allowed to establish smooth walled tube layers of several 100 μm thickness, bamboo or stack morphologies, branching, diameter control in the range from 10-800 nm, and the creation of single/double walled morphologies, for an overview, see e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anodic TiO2 nanotube layers: Why does self-organized growth occur—A mini review

Zhou

Nguyen

Özkan

et al. 2014

Electrochemistry Communications

168

138

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The present review gives an overview of the highlights of more than 10 years of research on synthesis and applications of ordered oxide structures (nanotube layers, hexagonal pore arrangements) that are formed by self-organizing anodization of metals. In particular we address the questions after the critical factors that lead to the spectacular self-ordering during the growth of anodic oxides that finally yield morphologies such as highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays and similar structures. Why are tubes and pores formed -what are the key parameters controlling these processes?Link to the published article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.06.021 1 Over the past decade, the formation and application of anodic, self-organized TiO 2 nanotube arrays grown from a Ti metal (as illustrated in Fig.1) and similar oxide structures have attracted wide scientific and technological interest [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Self-organization during anodization has been observed already more than 70 years ago for aluminum that, when anodized in acidic electrolytes, forms hexagonally ordered porous structures [8] -such ordering can peak in a virtually perfect arrangement, as demonstrated by Masuda et al. in 1995 [9], by a meticulous optimization of the electrochemical growth conditions. These alumina structures since then have been widely used for templating (i.e., to fill the pores by a secondary material to form nanorods or nanowires, in combination with stripping the template or not), as well as for numerous other applications -excellent overviews on growth and applications of porous alumina are available; see e.g. refs. [2][3][4]10,11].In the past few years, however, research activities on ordered TiO 2 nanotube layers have in numbers of paper-output surpassed porous alumina; in the past decade, more than three thousand papers have been published dedicated to anodic TiO 2 nanotubes [1,[5][6][7]. The main reason for this enormous interest is the anticipated impact of such nanotube layers in functional applications of titanium dioxide; such as dye sensitized solar cells [12][13][14][15], photocatalysis [16,17] (including water splitting for the generation of hydrogen, pollution degradation, or the reduction of CO 2 ), biomedicine [18][19][20] (biomedical coatings of implants, drug delivery systems), ion-insertion batteries, electrochromics, etc. [21][22][23][24] These applications are, to a large extent, based on a number of almost unique features of TiO 2 [1,[25][26][27][28]: it is a semiconductor of a band-gap of 3.0 eV (rutile) -3.2 eV (anatase), with a considerably large electron diffusion length (mainly anatase), relative band-edge positions suitable to trigger a wide range of photocatalytic reactions; the material is highly biocompatible, and shows considerably good ion intercalation properties. Many of these features can be exploited in a nanotubular form even more beneficially than in powder assemblies (e.g. directional charge transport, orthogonal carrier separation, optimized and directional diffusion profile...

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“…TiO 2 nanotube photoanodes were also fabricated by anodization and subsequent annealing. 33,34 The wall thickness and length of the nanotubes could be controlled by varying anodization conditions. The nanotube wall thickness was found to be an important parameter that influences the magnitude of the photoanodic response and the overall efficiency of the water splitting reaction.…”

confidence: 99%

Research Update: Strategies for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting using metal oxide photoanodes

Cho¹,

Jang²,

Lee³

et al. 2014

APL Materials

124

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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting to hydrogen is an attractive method for capturing and storing the solar energy in the form of chemical energy. Metal oxides are promising photoanode materials due to their low-cost synthetic routes and higher stability than other semiconductors. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent efforts to improve PEC efficiencies via applying a variety of fabrication strategies to metal oxide photoanodes including (i) size and morphology-control, (ii) metal oxide heterostructuring, (iii) dopant incorporation, (iv) attachments of quantum dots as sensitizer, (v) attachments of plasmonic metal nanoparticles, and (vi) co-catalyst coupling. Each strategy highlights the underlying principles and mechanisms for the performance enhancements.

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Anodic Growth of Highly Ordered TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays to 134 μm in Length

Cited by 843 publications

References 29 publications

Fabrication and photoluminiscent properties of titanium oxide nanotube arrays

Fabrication and photoluminiscent properties of titanium oxide nanotube arrays

Anodic TiO2 nanotube layers: Why does self-organized growth occur—A mini review

Research Update: Strategies for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting using metal oxide photoanodes

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Anodic Growth of Highly Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays to 134 μm in Length

Cited by 843 publications

References 29 publications

Fabrication and photoluminiscent properties of titanium oxide nanotube arrays

Fabrication and photoluminiscent properties of titanium oxide nanotube arrays

Anodic TiO2 nanotube layers: Why does self-organized growth occur—A mini review

Research Update: Strategies for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting using metal oxide photoanodes

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Anodic Growth of Highly Ordered TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays to 134 μm in Length