Anodes – Materials for negative electrodes in electrochemical energy technology

Holze, Rudolf

doi:10.1063/1.4878479

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Graphite (C) is mainly used due to its reversible ability to position lithium (Li) ions between material layers of the cell. Similar properties are shown by other materials, such as activated carbon, carbon black, conductive additives, lithium titanate (LTO), silicon, or graphene [18, 19,24].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Pre-Recycling Material Analysis of NMC Lithium-Ion Battery Cells from Electric Vehicles

et al. 2023

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Environmental concerns push for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and technologies with a low carbon footprint. In the transportation sector, this drives the transition toward electric vehicles (EVs), which are nowadays mainly based on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As the number of produced EVs is rapidly growing, a large amount of waste batteries is expected in the future. Recycling seems to be one of the most promising end-of-life (EOL) methods; it reduces raw material consumption in battery production and the environmental burden. Thus, this work introduces a comprehensive pre-recycling material characterization of waste nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) LIB cells from a fully electric battery electric vehicle (BEV), which represents a basis for cost-effective and environmentally friendly recycling focusing on the efficiency of the implemented technique. The composition of the NCM 622 battery cell was determined; it included a LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 spinel on a 15 μm Al-based current collector (cathode), a graphite layer on 60 μm copper foil (anode), 25 μm PE/PVDF polymer separator, and a LiPF6 salt electrolyte with a 1:3 ratio in primary solvents DMC and DEC. The performed research was based on a series of X-ray, infrared (IR) measurements, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) characterization of an aqueous solution with dissolved electrolytes. These results will be used in subsequent works devoted to optimizing the most suitable recycling technique considering the environmental and economic perspectives.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Pre-Recycling Material Analysis of NMC Lithium-Ion Battery Cells from Electric Vehicles

et al. 2023

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“…Several research groups have devoted their work to graphite direct regeneration [67,68]. Yang et al [69] introduced a comprehensive direct recycling perspective for all anode material recovery, including graphite, Cu foil, aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ), and Li 2 CO 3 .…”

Section: Direct Recycling Treatment Of Spent Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Recycling Technology for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current Implementation

Pražanová,

Plachý,

Kočí

et al. 2024

Batteries

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The significant deployment of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) within a wide application field covering small consumer electronics, light and heavy means of transport, such as e-bikes, e-scooters, and electric vehicles (EVs), or energy storage stationary systems will inevitably lead to generating notable amounts of spent batteries in the coming years. Considering the environmental perspective, material resource sustainability, and terms of the circular economy, recycling represents a highly prospective strategy for LIB end-of-life (EOL) management. In contrast with traditional, large-scale, implemented recycling methods, such as pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy, direct recycling technology constitutes a promising solution for LIB EOL treatment with outstanding environmental benefits, including reduction of energy consumption and emission footprint, and weighty economic viability. This work comprehensively assesses the limitations and challenges of state-of-the-art, implemented direct recycling methods for spent LIB cathode and anode material treatment. The introduced approaches include solid-state sintering, electrochemical relithiation in organic and aqueous electrolytes, and ionothermal, solution, and eutectic relithiation methods. Since most direct recycling techniques are still being developed and implemented primarily on a laboratory scale, this review identifies and discusses potential areas for optimization to facilitate forthcoming large-scale industrial implementation.

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Anodes – Materials for negative electrodes in electrochemical energy technology

Cited by 2 publications

References 64 publications

Pre-Recycling Material Analysis of NMC Lithium-Ion Battery Cells from Electric Vehicles

Pre-Recycling Material Analysis of NMC Lithium-Ion Battery Cells from Electric Vehicles

Direct Recycling Technology for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current Implementation

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