Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances strength training volume but not the force–velocity profile

Alix-Fages, Carlos; García-Ramos, Amador; Calderón-Nadal, Giancarlo; Colomer‐Poveda, David; Romero‐Arenas, Salvador; Fernández-del-Olmo, Miguel; Márquez, Gonzalo

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04417-2

Cited by 29 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…They showed that a-tDCS (2 mA for 20 min) applied over the temporal cortex (TC), targeting the left insular cortex, improved cycling performance by approximately 4% in professional cyclists and also decreased heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in submaximal intensities 16 . Others have also found decreased RPE during endurance cycling test 18 , 20 , dynamic resistance exercise 21 , 22 , isometric exercise 23 with tDCS targeting M1 and DLPFC. On the other hand, no effect of tDCS targeting either M1, TC, or DLPFC on RPE was found in cycling 24 – 27 , running 28 , and swimming 29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Acute effect of high-definition and conventional tDCS on exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial

Machado

Bikson

Datta

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used aiming to boost exercise performance and inconsistent findings have been reported. One possible explanation is related to the limitations of the so-called “conventional” tDCS, which uses large rectangular electrodes, resulting in a diffuse electric field. A new tDCS technique called high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) has been recently developed. HD-tDCS uses small ring electrodes and produces improved focality and greater magnitude of its aftereffects. This study tested whether HD-tDCS would improve exercise performance to a greater extent than conventional tDCS. Twelve endurance athletes (29.4 ± 7.3 years; 60.15 ± 5.09 ml kg−1 min−1) were enrolled in this single-center, randomized, crossover, and sham-controlled trial. To test reliability, participants performed two time to exhaustion (TTE) tests (control conditions) on a cycle simulator with 80% of peak power until volitional exhaustion. Next, they randomly received HD-tDCS (2.4 mA), conventional (2.0 mA), or active sham tDCS (2.0 mA) over the motor cortex for 20-min before performing the TTE test. TTE, heart rate (HR), associative thoughts, peripheral (lower limbs), and whole-body ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every minute. Outcome measures were reliable. There was no difference in TTE between HD-tDCS (853.1 ± 288.6 s), simulated conventional (827.8 ± 278.7 s), sham (794.3 ± 271.2 s), or control conditions (TTE1 = 751.1 ± 261.6 s or TTE2 = 770.8 ± 250.6 s) [F(1.95; 21.4) = 1.537; P = 0.24; η2p = 0.123]. There was no effect on peripheral or whole-body RPE and associative thoughts (P > 0.05). No serious adverse effect was reported. A single session of neither HD-tDCS nor conventional tDCS changed exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in athletes, suggesting that a ceiling effect may exist.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Acute effect of high-definition and conventional tDCS on exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial

Machado

Bikson

Datta

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex is associated with muscular strength and can be modified by tDCS. Some studies have shown that this technique could effectively improve training and increase performance ( Huang et al, 2019 ; Alix-Fages et al, 2020 ; Vieira et al, 2020 ; Grosprêtre et al, 2021 ). Some studies have shown that tDCS does not affect lower limb strength ( Montenegro et al, 2015 ; Maeda et al, 2017 ; Romero-Arenas et al, 2019 ); however, this may be related to differences in the chosen electrode configuration or stimulation parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Muscle Strength of Non-dominant Knee in Healthy Young Males

Hanson

Wen

et al. 2021

Front. Physiol.

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been applied in training and competition, but its effects on physical performance remain largely unknown. This study aimed to observe the effect of tDCS on muscular strength and knee activation. Nineteen healthy young men were subjected to 20 min of real stimulation (2 mA) and sham stimulation (0 mA) over the primary motor cortex (M1) bilaterally on different days. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors and flexors, and surface electromyography (sEMG) of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) were recorded before, immediately after, and 30 min after stimulation. MVC, rate of force development (RFD), and sEMG activity were analyzed before and after each condition. MVC of the non-dominant leg extensor and flexor was significantly higher immediately after real stimulation and 30 min after stimulation than before, and MVC of the non-dominant leg flexor was significantly higher 30 min after real stimulation than that after sham stimulation (P < 0.05). The RFD of the non-dominant leg extensor and flexor immediately after real stimulation was significantly higher than before stimulation, and the RFD of the non-dominant leg extensor immediately after real stimulation and 30 min after stimulation was significantly higher than that of sham stimulation (P < 0.05). EMG analysis showed the root mean square amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) of the non-dominant BF and RF were significantly higher immediately after real stimulation and 30 min after stimulation than before stimulation, and the MPF of the non-dominant BF EMG was significantly higher 30 min after real stimulation than that after sham stimulation (P < 0.05). Bilateral tDCS of the M1 can significantly improve the muscle strength and explosive force of the non-dominant knee extensor and flexor, which might result from increased recruitment of motor units. This effect can last until 30 min after stimulation, but there is no significant effect on the dominant knee.

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“…The program then calculated the x, y coordinates for the F3 location (according to the international 10–20 system) of DLPFC for each participant. Anodal DLPFC-tDCS was delivered using previously determined effective parameters for improving fine and gross motor performance (duration 25 min; current 2 mA; anode over left DLPFC; cathode over the contralateral supra-orbital region) [ 10 , 11 , 15 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Thus, the stimulation was applied to the DLPFC of the dominant hemisphere-arm system as all subjects were right-handed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For SHAM, the current was ramped up and down over 30 s according to standard procedures for SHAM stimulation in tDCS studies [ 28 ]. The left DLPFC was targeted with anodal tDCS for several interrelated reasons: (1) Several studies have shown that left DLPFC-tDCS can improve fine motor [ 10 , 11 , 15 ] and gross motor performance [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], (2) methodologies have been determined using simple measuring equipment for the accurate placement of the tDCS electrodes for DLPFC [ 27 ] without the need for expensive equipment that was unavailable at the athlete’s training facility. For instance, the need to use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to find the motor hot spot for M1-tDCS, and (3) the left DLPFC has ipsilateral connections to several brain regions, including premotor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and SMA [ 29 ], which likely partially explains its role in motor planning and motor learning processes [ 29 , 30 ] and its indirect influence on M1 [ 29 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The left DLPFC was targeted with anodal tDCS as opposed to other stimulation montages (e.g., cathodal tDCS of left or right DLPFC) primarily because the greatest number of both motor skill [ 10 , 11 , 15 ] and gross motor [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] studies had used this set of parameters. In addition, DLPFC-tDCS was given during task practice as opposed to before or during, as previous studies have achieved the best results when tDCS is applied concurrently with motor practice [ 5 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Shooting Performance in Elite Deaflympic Athletes: A Case Series

Pantović

Mačak

Čokorilo

et al. 2022

JFMK

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to improve motor learning in numerous studies. However, only a few of these studies have been conducted on elite-level performers or in complex motor tasks that have been practiced extensively. The purpose was to determine the influence of tDCS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on motor learning over multiple days on 10-m air rifle shooting performance in elite Deaflympic athletes. Two male and two female elite Deaflympic athletes (World, European, and National medalists) participated in this case series. The study utilized a randomized, double-blind, SHAM-controlled, cross-over design. Anodal tDCS or SHAM stimulation was applied to the left DLPFC for 25 min with a current strength of 2 mA concurrent with three days of standard shooting practice sessions. Shooting performance was quantified as the points and the endpoint error. Separate 2 Condition (DLPFC-tDCS, SHAM) × 3 Day (1,2,3) within-subjects ANOVAs revealed no significant main effects or interactions for either points or endpoint error. These results indicate that DLPFC-tDCS applied over multiple days does not improve shooting performance in elite athletes. Different stimulation parameters or very long-term (weeks/months) application of tDCS may be needed to improve motor learning in elite athletes.

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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances strength training volume but not the force–velocity profile

Cited by 29 publications

References 60 publications

Acute effect of high-definition and conventional tDCS on exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial

Acute effect of high-definition and conventional tDCS on exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Muscle Strength of Non-dominant Knee in Healthy Young Males

The Influence of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Shooting Performance in Elite Deaflympic Athletes: A Case Series

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