Anodal stimulation in two dogs with transvenous permanent bipolar pacemakers

Abstract

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2022 Update of the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics and Thrombolytics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) Domain 1‐ Defining populations at risk

“…. 331–364 Most were case series or single case reports (LOE 5), and 1240 dogs were described, of which 60 had suspected or confirmed thrombosis (5%). Two studies were experimental (LOE 3) but of poor quality 336,361 .…”

“…Some studies reported comorbidities, including trauma, PLN and infection, that could have contributed to the risk of thrombosis 244,331,338,344,345,357,358,360,362,363 . Four publications (LOE 5) were considered neutral to the PECO question either due to lack of follow‐up, multiple possible causes for thrombosis, or reasons other than the presence of a pacemaker that were deemed likely to result in thrombosis (e.g., stenosis) 334,337,339,346 …”

“…244,331,338,344,345,357,358,360,362,363 Four publications (LOE 5) were considered neutral to the PECO question either due to lack of follow-up, multiple possible causes for thrombosis, or reasons other than the presence of a pacemaker that were deemed likely to result in thrombosis (e.g., stenosis). 334,337,339,346 Eighteen studies (1 LOE 3 good, 17 LOE 5 good-fair) were judged to be neutral to the PECO question based on long-term follow-up of dogs after pacemaker implantation without reports of thrombotic complications. 332,333,336,340,342,343,[347][348][349][350][351][352][353][354]356,359,363,364 An experimental (LOE 3) study described 74 dogs with implanted pacemakers (≤180 days).…”