Annular Mesoporous Carbonaceous Nanospheres from Biomass-Derived Building Units with Enhanced Biological Interactions

Abstract

Here, hydrothermal biomass-derived nanospheres were designed to enhance cellular delivery in biomedicine and to overcome the difficulties in the synthesis of small mesoporous hydrothermal carbonaceous nanospheres (SMHNs) below 100 nm in size. A facile kinetics-controlled soft-template strategy was developed to construct annular SMHN with precisely tunable sizes of 30−80 nm, ordered channels, and abundant functional glycosylation groups using monosaccharides as the carbon source. SMHN exhibited a high loading capacity of 503 mg g −1 for doxorubicin due to the mesoporous structure and rich functional glycosylation groups. Moreover, SMHN displayed low cytotoxicity and few hemolytic effects and biological interactions, showing efficient internalization performance. Cells treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-loaded SMHN had high mean fluorescence intensity within 75 min, which is significantly higher than that of the carbon counterparts. It is believed that the biological interactions of SMHNs are attributed to the reserved functional glycosylation groups that can activate glucose transporters and mediate endocytosis across the cytomembrane. The approach used to construct SMHN provides great opportunities for the generation of small mesoporous carbonaceous particles with rough annular structures. Moreover, the bottom-up construction strategy provides new understanding of the rational design and synthesis of biomass-derived vectors for efficient drug delivery.

General Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Carbonaceous Hybrid Nanostructures with Molecularly Dispersed Polyoxometallates

“…[21,22] Yetthe direct use of soft templates for the HTC of biomass derivatives severely limits by the difficulty in controlling assembly ability of as oft template and biomass carbon resource at HTC temperatures (160-240 8 8C), which is found to be critical for the ordered pore formation. [23,24] Therefore,t he HTC strategies for the synthesis of biomass-derived ordered mesoporous carbonaceous nanomaterials are still at an early stage of development, and exploring ag eneral and straightforward strategy to improve the HTC of biomass derivatives is of scientific and technological importance.…”

General Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Carbonaceous Hybrid Nanostructures with Molecularly Dispersed Polyoxometallates

“…Generally, soft‐templating method is a more prevailing approach for the synthesis of ordered mesopores by using organic surfactants as templates [21, 22] . Yet the direct use of soft templates for the HTC of biomass derivatives severely limits by the difficulty in controlling assembly ability of a soft template and biomass carbon resource at HTC temperatures (160–240 °C), which is found to be critical for the ordered pore formation [23, 24] . Therefore, the HTC strategies for the synthesis of biomass‐derived ordered mesoporous carbonaceous nanomaterials are still at an early stage of development, and exploring a general and straightforward strategy to improve the HTC of biomass derivatives is of scientific and technological importance.…”

High-Molecular-Weight PLA-b-PEO-b-PLA Triblock Copolymer Templated Large Mesoporous Carbons for Supercapacitors and CO2 Capture

“…The high surface areas and pore volumes of porous materials are very interesting for different applications, including energy storage, adsorption, drug delivery, and catalysis [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Based on their pore sizes, three different kinds of porous materials are defined from the IUPAC rules, including microporous (<2 nm), mesoporous (2-50 nm), and macroporous (>50 nm) materials.…”

“…Compared with the PEO114-b-PLA94 diblock copolymer [50], this LEL triblock copolymer possessed high molecular weight as a template and thus could provide large mesoporous carbons as expected. In addition, as also compared with PCL-b-PEO-b-PCL triblock copolymer, using the PLA-b-PEO-b-PLA triblock copolymer as the template had two advantages, including: (1) No crystallization of the PLA segment of the template occurred since the self-assembled structure strongly affected the microphase separation from the crystallization of the PCL segment [49]; (2) The very weak hydrogen bonding interaction of the PLA segment could provide larger pore size of mesoporous carbons with a hydrophobic segment having a similar molecular weight [50]. Therefore, a mesoporous carbon with large pore size could be obtained using this LEL triblock copolymer as a template in this study.…”