Annual variation of deoxynivalenol in Danish wheat flour 1998–2003 and estimated daily intake by the Danish population

Rasmussen, Peter; Petersen, Annette; Ghorbani, Faranak

doi:10.1080/02652030601101102

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The existence of a widely accepted JECFA PMTI for DON and fumonisin are major achievements; however, in the recent past, exposure of young children has been close to the PMTDI in the Netherlands (Pieters et al 2004), Denmark (Rasmussen et al 2007) and Canada (KuiperGoodman et al 2008). The PMTDI is exceeded in other countries -dramatically so in Africa and in parts of Latin America (JECFA 2001) and there is no doubt that this would be more dramatic if exposures were calculated for wheat-consuming population in endemic areas lacking a diverse source of cereals, as opposed to the standard GEMS diet.…”

Section: Exposure To Maize and Wheat Borne Toxins Is Increasingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in small grains and maize: Old problems, new challenges

Miller

2008

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

203

135

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This paper reviews the challenges relating to chronic contamination of small grains and maize with deoxynivalenol and related compounds, fumonisin and the use of ensiled cereals in cool dairy areas. Uncertainties in the tolerable daily intakes for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin are discussed as they have the potential to affect current regulatory limits. In addition, climate change is resulting in more extreme rainfall and drought events which favour formation of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin, respectively. The development and refinement of models for predicting mycotoxin accumulation from weather data will become an essential tool for managing these events. Such models are also important for providing timely food aid to developing countries, which experience increased occurrence of acute toxicities, especially in children. Chronic contamination of silage in some areas with some Penicillium toxins deserves more attention in terms of their economic effects and possible implications for the purity of milk.

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Section: Exposure To Maize and Wheat Borne Toxins Is Increasingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in small grains and maize: Old problems, new challenges

Miller

2008

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

203

135

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“…fungal infections and to prevent or to eliminate the presence of their mycotoxins in food have not yet been very successful, but the risks have been taken into account by the authorities for two reasons. First, in the recent past, exposure of young children has been close to the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake (PMTDI) in the Netherlands (Pieters et al, 2004) and in Denmark (Rasmussen et al, 2007). Secondly, the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants of the World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization recommendations for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin PMTDI are now considered to be major achievements (Raymond et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower mycotoxin levels in Bt maize grain

Folcher

Délos²,

Marengue³

et al. 2010

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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-Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. during plant cultivation induce severe diseases in animal and humans. In 2007 a European Union regulation set maximum concentrations of mycotoxins in maize and derivatives of 4000 ppb for fumonisins B 1 and B 2 , 1750 ppb for deoxynivalenol, and 350 ppb for zearalenone. To assess the safety of French maize food, investigations are currently being carried out by the national Biological Risk Monitoring network. Here, 84 plots were cropped with the Bt maize MON 810 and its isogenic non-Bt counterpart in 2005 and 2006 in Southwestern France. Mycotoxin levels were measured in grain at harvest. Fumonisins B 1 and B 2 , deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The data were analysed statistically using non-parametric tests for mycotoxins and analysis of variance for weather variables. As the climate was homogenous inside the experimental area, the transgenic event introduced into the maize was the only key parameter which differed between Bt and non-Bt maize plots. Our results show that Bt maize decreased concentrations of fumonisins by 90% and zearalenone by 50%, whereas the concentration of deoxynivalenol was slightly increased. Those findings suggest a competition among Fusarium species that produce fumonisins or trichothecenes. According to the European regulation, 93% of the Bt maize crops can be sold, compared with only 45% for non-Bt maize plots. Our results thus show that Bt maize improved food safety by greatly reducing mycotoxin levels in field crops in Southwestern France.Bt MON810 maize / fumonisins B 1 and B 2 / deoxynivalenol / zearalenone / Regulation 1126/2007

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“…Intake estimates are 20 ng/kg bw per day for Canada, Denmark, and Norway and 30 ng/kg bw per day in the USA (see also Table 3). Small children may have intakes as high as 55 ng/kg bw per day [33]. This is well below the tolerable intake values established by various regulatory agencies (between 0.1 and 0.5µg/kg bw per day, see also Table 4).…”

Section: Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Estimates of mean dietary intake of deoxynivalenol (DON) in various European countries ranged between 78 and 725 ng/kg bw per day [32][33][34]. The major sources were cereals and cereal products, particularly corn [35].…”

Section: Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Food Safety

Borchers

Teuber

Keen

et al. 2009

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

149

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Food can never be entirely safe. Food safety is threatened by numerous pathogens that cause a variety of foodborne diseases, algal toxins that cause mostly acute disease, and fungal toxins that may be acutely toxic but may also have chronic sequelae, such as teratogenic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, and estrogenic effects. Perhaps more worrisome, the industrial activities of the last century and more have resulted in massive increases in our exposure to toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic, which now are present in the entire food chain and exhibit various toxicities. Industrial processes also released chemicals that, although banned a long time ago, persist in the environment and contaminate our food. These include organochlorine compounds, such as 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene) (DDT), other pesticides, dioxins, and dioxin-like compounds. DDT and its breakdown product dichlorophenyl dichloroethylene affect the developing male and female reproductive organs. In addition, there is increasing evidence that they exhibit neurodevelopmental toxicities in human infants and children. They share this characteristic with the dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Other food contaminants can arise from the treatment of animals with veterinary drugs or the spraying of food crops, which may leave residues. Among the pesticides applied to food crops, the organophosphates have been the focus of much regulatory attention because there is growing evidence that they, too, affect the developing brain. Numerous chemical contaminants are formed during the processing and cooking of foods. Many of them are known or suspected carcinogens. Other food contaminants leach from the packaging or storage containers. Examples that have garnered increasing attention in recent years are phthalates, which have been shown to induce malformations in the male reproductive system in laboratory animals, and bisphenol A, which negatively affects the development of the central nervous system and the male reproductive organs. Genetically modified foods present new challenges to regulatory agencies around the world because consumer fears that the possible health risks of these foods have not been allayed. An emerging threat to food safety possibly comes from the increasing use of nanomaterials, which are already used in packaging materials, even though their toxicity remains largely unexplored. Numerous scientific groups have underscored the importance of addressing this issue and developing the necessary tools for doing so. Governmental agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration and other agencies in the USA and their counterparts in other nations have the increasingly difficult task of monitoring the food supply for these chemicals and determining the human health risks associated with exposure to these substances. The approach taken until recently focused on one chemical at a time and one exposure route (oral, inhalational, dermal) at a time. It is increasingly recognized, however,...

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Annual variation of deoxynivalenol in Danish wheat flour 1998–2003 and estimated daily intake by the Danish population

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Mycotoxins in small grains and maize: Old problems, new challenges

Mycotoxins in small grains and maize: Old problems, new challenges

Lower mycotoxin levels in Bt maize grain

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