Annual variation in growth and reproduction of three fern species of Danaea (Marattiaceae) in the hurricane-prone Luquillo mountains in Puerto Rico

Abstract

A long-term fern demography study that included measurements of plant traits of three species in the dimorphic genus Danaea (1991-2009) was conducted in a rainforest in Puerto Rico beginning two years after the first major hurricane (Hugo) since the early 1930s. Both vegetative (sterile) leaves and spore-bearing (fertile) leaves on tagged plants were monitored repeatedly to document not only differences between two types of leaves, but also patterns of annual variation during a timespan that included the passage in 1998 of hurricane Georges. While all three species had fertile leaf lifespans of six mo or less, Danaea geniculata and D. polymorpha had much longer mean sterile leaf spans (54.4 mo, 52.7 mo) than D. nodosa (33.5 mo). All three species had significant year-to-year trait differences, often with immediate increases after Hurricane Georges levels returning to or below pre-hurricane levels in subsequent years. Long-term observations of annual variation in traits of herbaceous layer ferns that mainly follows the passage of a major hurricane highlight the importance of this study as the frequency and magnitude of hurricanes due to climate change are predicted to increase, although more experimental studies to identify specific causes of these long-term trends are needed.