Annual review prize lecture. Central nervous mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular control.

Spyer, K. M.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp019997

Cited by 400 publications

(326 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…The central regulation of the cardiovascular system involves bulbar centers, such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), and nucleus ambiguous (Spyer 1994). Supramedullary structures, such as the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the cuneiform nucleus, the hypothalamus, the central nucleus of amygdala, specific regions of the cerebral cortex, and the lateral septal area (LSA) also participate in the control of the cardiovascular system, usually reflecting behavior changes (Dampney 1994;Loewy 1991;Loewy and McKellar 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Pathways Involved in the Modulatory Effects of Noradrenaline in Lateral Septal Area on Cardiovascular Responses

et al. 2012

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We have previously reported that stimulation of alpha-1 adrenoceptors by noradrenaline (NA) injected into the lateral septal area (LSA) of anaesthetized rats causes pressor and bradycardic responses that are mediated by acute vasopressin release into the circulation through activation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Although the PVN is the final structure of this pathway, the LSA has no direct connections with the PVN, suggesting that other structures may connect these areas. To address this issue, the present study employed c-Fos immunohistochemistry to investigate changes caused by NA microinjection into the LSA in neuronal activation in brain structures related to systemic vasopressin release. NA microinjected in the LSA caused pressor and bradycardic responses, which were blocked by intraseptal administration of a-1 adrenoceptor antagonist (WB4101, 10 nmol/200 nL) or systemic V-1 receptor antagonist (dTyr(CH2)5(Me)AVP, 50 lg/kg). NA also increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the prelimbic cortex (PL), infralimbic cortex (IL), dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (dmPAG), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), PVN, and medial amygdala (MeA). No differences in the diagonal band of Broca, cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) were found. Systemic administration of the vasopressin receptor antagonist dTyr AVP (CH2)5(Me) did not change the increase in c-Fos expression induced by intra-septal NA. This latter effect, however, was prevented by local injection of the alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist WB4101. These results suggest that areas such as the PL, IL, dmPAG, BNST, MeA, and PVN could be part of a circuit responsible for vasopressin release after activation of alpha-1 adrenoceptors in the LSA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Pathways Involved in the Modulatory Effects of Noradrenaline in Lateral Septal Area on Cardiovascular Responses

et al. 2012

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“…11,24,25,45,46). They have extensive axonal projections that include cardiorespiratory and motor regions of the brain stem and spinal cord (1,8,9,23,36).…”

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“…hypoglossal motoneurons; norepinephrine; nucleus of the solitary tract; pons; rapid eye movement sleep THE NOREPINEPHRINE-CONTAINING neurons of the A5 group, located in the ventrolateral pons between the root of the facial nerve and the superior olive, are considered important regulators of cardiorespiratory function (reviewed in Refs. 11,24,25,45,46). They have extensive axonal projections that include cardiorespiratory and motor regions of the brain stem and spinal cord (1,8,9,23,36).…”

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“…Because A5 neurons have widespread projections, we focused our study on those A5 cells that project toward the dorsomedial medulla, including the XII nucleus, and to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), another target of A5 neurons important for cardiorespiratory control (11,24,25,45). We used the antidromic mapping technique to identify axonal projections of A5 neurons and assessed changes in their activity at the time when carbachol elicited REM sleeplike signs.…”

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A5 cells are silenced when REM sleep-like signs are elicited by pontine carbachol

Fenik

Marchenko

Janssen

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

111

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. A5 cells are silenced when REM sleep-like signs are elicited by pontine carbachol. J Appl Physiol 93: 1448-1456, 2002. First published June 14, 2002 10.1152/japplphysiol.00225.2002The A5 noradrenergic neurons are considered important for cardiorespiratory regulation. We hypothesized that A5 cells are silenced during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, thereby contributing to cardiorespiratory changes and suppression of hypoglossal (XII) motoneuronal activity. We used an anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rat in which pontine microinjections of carbachol trigger signs of REM sleep, including hippocampal theta rhythm, motor suppression, and silencing of locus coeruleus neurons. All 16 putative noradrenergic A5 cells recorded were strongly suppressed when the REM sleep-like episodes were elicited and also after intravenous clonidine. Antidromic mapping showed that none of six neurons tested projected to the XII nucleus, whereas three of five projected to the nucleus of the solitary tract and two of four to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Bilateral microinjections of clonidine into the A5 regions did not alter XII nerve activity. These data suggest that A5 neurons are silenced during natural REM sleep. This will lead to decreased norepinephrine release and may alter synaptic transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract and rostral ventrolateral medulla without, however, a detectable impact on XII motoneurons. hypoglossal motoneurons; norepinephrine; nucleus of the solitary tract; pons; rapid eye movement sleep THE NOREPINEPHRINE-CONTAINING neurons of the A5 group, located in the ventrolateral pons between the root of the facial nerve and the superior olive, are considered important regulators of cardiorespiratory function (reviewed in Refs. 11,24,25,45,46). They have extensive axonal projections that include cardiorespiratory and motor regions of the brain stem and spinal cord (1,8,9,23,36). Through these projections, they may control, among others, sympathetic and respiratory outputs and, via projection to the hypoglossal (XII) motor nucleus, may mediate noradrenergic excitation of XII motoneurons (5,22,27,40,49). XII motoneurons are of particular interest because they innervate the genioglossus muscle of the tongue, an important airway dilator. Its decreased activity during sleep contributes, in predisposed individuals, to the pathophysiology of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (34).The noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) and the sub-LC region show a robust relationship of their firing frequency with the sleep-wake cycle: the highest activity occurs during wakefulness, and the lowest during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep (6,43). Consistent with these findings, the extracellular level of norepinephrine is reduced in the XII nucleus during the motor atonia produced by electrical stimulation of the pontine reticular formation region implicated in the triggering of REM sleep (35). The noradrenergic cells of the A5 group may be similarly modulated with the sleep-wa...

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“…In the rat, the mPFC is composed of the anterior cingulate (ACd, Brodmann area 24b), prelimbic (PL, area 32), infralimbic (IL, area 25), and peduncular (P) cortices (Neafsey et al, 1993;Gabbott et al, 2005;Resstel and Corrêa, 2006b). Anatomical and physiological evidence indicates that areas of dorsal (d) mPFC (ACd and dPL cortices) process cognitive information, whereas regions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (vPL, IL and P cortices) are also involved in autonomic and visceral functions, especially, cardiovascular and respiratory activities (Hardy and Mack, 1990;Neafsey, 1990;Loewy, 1991;Neafsey et al, 1993;Spyer, 1994;Fisk and Wyss, 2000;Uylings et al, 2003;Heidbreder and Groenewegen, 2003). Descending efferent projections from vmPFC, in particular IL cortex, innervate a wide range of subcortical autonomic centers, including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM), brain stem nuclei strategically involved in cardiopulmonary activities (Agarwal and Calarescu, 1992;Van Giersbergen et al, 1992;Dampney, 1994;Owens and Verberne, 1996, 2000Owens et al, 1999).…”

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Medial Prefrontal Cortex

2015

Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology

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Abstract-The infralimbic (IL) 'visceromotor' area of the rat medial prefrontal cortex projects to strategic subcortical nuclei involved in autonomic functions. Central among these targets are the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). By combining tract-tracing using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) with immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; an enzyme marker of catecholaminergic neurons), a limited proportion of BDA-labeled IL axonal boutons in the NTS and rVLM was found to be closely associated with TH immunopositive (؉) target structures. Such structural appositions were mainly located proximally over the labeled dendritic arbors of identified TH؉ neurons.Quantitative ultrastructural examination revealed that in NTS, TH؉ dendritic shafts comprised 7.0% of the overall post-synaptic target population innervated by BDA-labeled IL boutons, whereas TH؉ dendritic spines represented 1.25% of targets. In rVLM, TH؉ shafts represented 9.0% and TH؉ spines 2.5% of IL targets. Labeled IL boutons established exclusively asymmetric Gray Type 1 (presumed excitatory) synaptic junctions.The results indicate that subpopulations of catecholaminergic neurons in the NTS and rVLM are among the spectrum of post-synaptic neurons monosynaptically innervated by descending 'excitatory' input from IL cortex. Such connectivity, albeit restricted, identifies the potential direct influence of IL cortex on the processing and distribution of cardiovascular, respiratory and related autonomic information by catecholaminergic neurons in the NTS and VLM of the rat. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is directly involved in the integration of cognitive and autonomic functions underlying flexible goal-directed behavior (Cechetto and Saper, 1990;Neafsey et al., 1993;Loewy, 1991;Owens et al., 1999;Van Eden and Buijs, 2000;Drevets, 2000;Heidbreder and Groenewegen, 2003). In the rat, the mPFC is composed of the anterior cingulate (ACd, Brodmann area 24b), prelimbic (PL, area 32), infralimbic (IL, area 25), and peduncular (P) cortices (Neafsey et al., 1993;Gabbott et al., 2005;Resstel and Corrêa, 2006b).Anatomical and physiological evidence indicates that areas of dorsal (d) mPFC (ACd and dPL cortices) process cognitive information, whereas regions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (vPL, IL and P cortices) are also involved in autonomic and visceral functions, especially, cardiovascular and respiratory activities (Hardy and Mack, 1990;Neafsey, 1990;Loewy, 1991;Neafsey et al., 1993;Spyer, 1994;Fisk and Wyss, 2000;Uylings et al., 2003;Heidbreder and Groenewegen, 2003). Descending efferent projections from vmPFC, in particular IL cortex, innervate a wide range of subcortical autonomic centers, including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM), brain stem nuclei strategically involved in cardiopulmonary activities (Agarwal and Calarescu, 1992;Van Giersbergen et al., 1992;Dampney, 1994;Owens and Verberne, 1996, 2000Owens et al., 1999). Indeed, stimulati...

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Annual review prize lecture. Central nervous mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular control.

Cited by 400 publications

References 79 publications

Brain Pathways Involved in the Modulatory Effects of Noradrenaline in Lateral Septal Area on Cardiovascular Responses

Brain Pathways Involved in the Modulatory Effects of Noradrenaline in Lateral Septal Area on Cardiovascular Responses

A5 cells are silenced when REM sleep-like signs are elicited by pontine carbachol

Medial Prefrontal Cortex

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