Annual Incidences and Progressions of Myopia and High Myopia in Chinese Schoolchildren Based on a 5-Year Cohort Study

Li, Shiming; Wei, Shifei; Atchison, David A.; Kang, Meng-Tian; Liu, Luo-Ru; He, Lin; Liu, Siyuan; Zhou, Yang; Wang, Yipeng; Zhang, Fengju; Wang, Ke

doi:10.1167/iovs.63.1.8

Cited by 58 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The increase in myopia prevalence was greater in grades 3-5 and 7-8. Li et al found that the prevalence of myopia was lower before grade 3 (23), which is consistent with our findings. In contrast, compared to 2020, myopia rates in grades 1-5 were minimally changed in 2021, and even myopia reversal was observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Trends of myopia development among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period

Zhou

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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PurposeTo investigate the trends of myopia among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period.MethodA prospective of cross-sectional study using spot photoscreenings in 123,538 children among primary and junior school students from 2019 to 2021 was conducted to evaluate the development of myopia in Xuzhou, China in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period. Equivalent refraction and the prevalence of myopia were recorded.ResultsThe spherical equivalent refraction of myopia decreased across all grades except grade 1 (0.23 ± 0.56 D in 2019, 0.24 ± 0.63 D in 2020) from 2019 to 2020. However, refraction exhibited a hyperopic shift in 2021 compared to 2020 for grades 1–5 (no significant decreased for grade 4). The prevalence of myopia in all grades increased in 2020 compared to 2019, and the most dramatic changes were observed from grades 2–5 and grades 7–8 (P < 0.05). The changes in myopia prevalence in grades 1–4 were mild, and the reduction in myopia for Grade 5 is significant from 2020 to 2021. Nevertheless, students in grades 6 and 9 exhibited the greatest growth in myopia prevalence (P < 0.01). All grades had higher myopia prevalence in 2021 compared with 2019, except grade 1 (P = 0.25). The prevalence of myopia in girls was higher compared with boys, and the urban myopia prevalence was higher than in rural areas over the 3 years except in 2019 (P = 0.18).ConclusionsThe prevalence of myopia increased during the COVID-19 epidemic. However, the spherical equivalent refraction of lower grade children drifted to hyperopia and the trends of myopia development remained stable in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period. We should be more concerned about the prevalence of myopia in graduating for the primary or junior grades in the future.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Trends of myopia development among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period

Zhou

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…In the present study the prevalence of myopia among students in 2020 was 1.2, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.1 times that in 2019 in Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The prevalence of myopia among students in Grade 1 in 2020 was similar to that in 2019, which is consistent with previous studies ( 24 ). While the prevalence of myopia among students in Grade 12 was 0.2% lower in 2020 than in 2019, the difference was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Li et al ( 24 ) found that the prevalence of myopia was low before Grade 3 of primary school. A study conducted in Shandong, China found that the prevalence of myopia among primary school students in 2020 was 1.4–3 times that of the previous 5 years ( 23 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Myopia Development Among Primary and Secondary School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Zhong

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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ObjectivesTo evaluate myopia development among primary and secondary school students during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the development of myopia among students in Shenzhen, China during the COVID-19 outbreak.ResultsThe study included 1,472,957 and 1,573,824 students in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia was 46.9 and 50.5% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia among students in the former Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) was higher than that in areas outside the former Shenzhen SEZ (2019: 47.0 vs. 43.7%; 2020: 50.5 vs. 47.3%). The prevalence of myopia among girls was higher than that among boys (2019: 50.4 vs. 44.0%; 2020: 54.0 vs. 47.6%). The 50th percentile (P50) of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in the right eye among girls was lower than that in boys. The prevalence of myopia continued to increase as the grade increased, with the greatest annual increase observed in Grades 2–5 (3.4–3.9%). The P50 of SER in the right eye of students decreased as the grade increased.ConclusionsThe prevalence of myopia among students increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in primary school Grades 2–5.

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“…[16][17][18][19][20][21] Several studies have shown that these ocular biometric parameters, viz., the PD, CC, LT, and ACD, can affect the axial elongation in children. [22][23][24][25] There are other studies that determined the repeatability and agreement of the values obtained by the SS-OCT optical biometric devices in adults [16][17][18][19] and children. 20,21 However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the success rate of obtaining the ocular biometric parameters in school age children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Success Rate of Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Biometry of Eyes of Elementary School Students

Tomita¹,

Yamashita²,

Terasaki³

et al. 2022

OPTH

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Purpose To determine the success rate of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) biometry (OA-2000) in elementary school students. Methods This was a prospective observational longitudinal study of 115 right eyes of elementary school students who were 8- to 9-years-old at the initial examination. Biometric measurements of the eyes were performed annually for three years, viz., during the third, fourth, and fifth grades. The success rates of obtaining data from optical biometric measurements of the axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), pupillary diameter (PD), corneal diameter (CD), and corneal curvature (CC) were determined. Results The AL, CCT, and CC could be measured in all images at the three measurement times in all subjects. The success rate of the measurements of the ACD was 92.2% in the third grade and 100% in the fourth and fifth grade. The LT was successfully measured in 88.7% in the third grade, 99.1% in the fourth grade, and 100% in the fifth grade. The PD was successfully measured in 100% of the third grade, 96.0% of the fourth grade, and 100% in the fifth grade. The CD was successfully measured in 84.3% in the third grade, 66% in the fourth grade, and 100% in the fifth grade. Conclusion SS-OCT can obtain accurate measures of all ocular parameters in the primary school students with high success rates. However, care should be taken especially in analyzing the ACD, LT, PD, and CD because errors can occur in some cases.

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Annual Incidences and Progressions of Myopia and High Myopia in Chinese Schoolchildren Based on a 5-Year Cohort Study

Cited by 58 publications

References 45 publications

Trends of myopia development among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period

Trends of myopia development among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period

Trends in Myopia Development Among Primary and Secondary School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Success Rate of Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Biometry of Eyes of Elementary School Students

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