Annual Effective Dose of Gamma Emitters in Adults and Children for Some Types of Rice Consumed in Iraq

Abstract

This work studies the activity concentration of natural radioactivity in 20 different types of rice, including imported rice and that produced locally. The rice samples were collected from markets and farms in Iraq, and then a natural radioactivity investigation was done in the environmental laboratory of the Kufa University, using gamma-ray spectrometer systems. The research focused on measuring the activity concentration of natural radioactivity (U, Th, andK) to determine the level of the radium equivalent activity, internal hazard indices, and annual effective dose. The results show that all these parameters are within the permissible limits and that radioactivity is present in almost all foodstuffs at levels ranging from 40 to 600 Bq/kg of food. Radioactivity in foodstuffs is attributed to a natural source, potassium-40, and to artificial sources, which include industrial radioactivity, weapons testing, and accidents involving radioactivity. In this article, radionuclides have been identified for most of the common species of rice available in Iraqi markets; in addition, radium equivalent activity, internal hazard indices, and annual effective dose were calculated and compared with the permissible dose to estimate the risk of radioactive isotopes in the rice crop.

Assessment of Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazard in Sediment Bottom of Euphrates River

“…Where the absorbed dose rate in air ( ) can be calculated by using the relation [15]: The results are showed in tables (4,5,6) for the three governorates(AL-Najaf ALAshraf , Babylon , ALQadisiya). The tables (7,8,9) describe the (AEDE) in (mSv\hr), ( ) in (mSv\hr)…”

“…by the use of NaI(Tl) detector. There are many researchers used NaI(Tl) technical for different materials such as food, cleaning materials and soil [5,6,7,8,9].…”

Natural Radionuclide (Gamma and Alpha Emitters) in Grain Samples Collected from Kerbala Governorate, Iraq

“…In the present study, it was measured gamma emitters (Uranium-238, Thorium-232, and Potsium-40) using NaI(Tl) detection system and alpha emitters (Radon-222, Radium-226, and Uraium-238) using CR-39 detectors. The NaI(Tl) detector was a 3"×3" crystal dimension which it is calibrated using 137 Cs, 22 Na, 60 Co, and 152 Eu. There are three energies of spectrum used to nd speci c activity of gamma emitters according to secular equilibrium propriety which it is 1764.5 KeV for 214 Bi ( 238 U or 226 Ra), 2614 KeV for 208 Tl ( 232 Th), and 1460 KeV for 40 Ar ( 40 K) [13].…”

“…where, I mean consumption rate of grains samples in unit (Kg/y) which taken from previous studies [20][21][22][23][24][25][26], A i is the speci c activity for gamma emitters, and CF i is conversion factor in unit Sv/Bq that equal 2.80×10 -7 for 238 U ( 226 Ra), 2.30×10 -7 for 232 Th, and 6.20×10 -9 for 40 K [27].…”

“…Grains samples from deferent sites in kerbalaIn the present study, it was measured gamma emitters (Uranium-238, Thorium-232, and Potsium-40) using NaI(Tl) detection system and alpha emitters (Radon-222, Radium-226, and Uraium-238) using CR-39 detectors. The NaI(Tl) detector was a 3"×3" crystal dimension which it is calibrated using 137 Cs,22 Na,60 Co, and 152 Eu. There are three energies of spectrum used to nd speci c activity of gamma emitters…”