Annotating Relationships Between Multiple Mixed-Media Digital Objects by Extending Annotea

Abstract

Abstract. Annotea provides an annotation protocol to support collaborative Semantic Web-based annotation of digital resources accessible through the Web. It provides a model whereby a user may attach supplementary information to a resource or part of a resource in the form of: either a simple textual comment; a hyperlink to another web page; a local file; or a semantic tag extracted from a formal ontology and controlled vocabulary. Hence, annotations can be used to attach subjective notes, comments, rankings, queries or tags to enable semantic reasoning across web resources. More recently, tabbed browsers and specific annotation tools, allow users to view several resources (e.g., images, video, audio, text, HTML, PDF) simultaneously in order to carry out side-by-side comparisons. In such scenarios, users frequently want to be able to create and annotate a link or relationship between two or more objects or between segments within those objects. For example, a user might want to create a link between a scene in an original film and the corresponding scene in a remake and attach an annotation to that link. Based on past experiences gained from implementing Annotea within different communities in order to enable knowledge capture, this paper describes and compares alternative ways in which the Annotea Schema may be extended for the purpose of annotating links between multiple resources (or segments of resources). It concludes by identifying and recommending an optimum approach which will enhance the power, flexibility and applicability of Annotea in many domains.

Service Guidelines of Public Meeting’s Webcasts: An Experience

“…Obviously, large video sequences can be cut and annotated with titles and short description or even minutes and translations, to better support the "Web approach" based on search, click and surf operations. Actually the topic of video annotation is not new in the research literature, where a huge number of tools have been developed and described [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] to make them searchable also on the Web. These tools have evolved from simple text annotators to semantic tagging systems for online communities to produce rich, structured metadata and annotations based on standard mark-up languages [4,6].…”

Enhancing Digital Heritage Archives Using Gamified Annotations

“…The first attempts at annotation on the Web seemed to focus on adding text annotations only to structured documents [56]. Once this was achieved, annotation support was then extended to other more complex media types such as images, video, audio and even 3D objects [87]. Some initiatives sought to annotate these multimedia type documents with objects that are themselves of multimedia nature [33].…”

“…Unlike the Annotea Project, which was limited to only annotate those resources that had structure (HTML or XML documents) and a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) [56], the Vannotea Project supported annotation of fine-grained contexts within various multimedia objects [87]. It also included the combination of a number of open source technologies that powered its extra features, such as [86]: a) Jabber to provide instant messaging functionality [18]; b) Shibboleth to provide secure user authentication [19]; and c) eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) as the XML-based language used to define access control policies [6].…”

“…Examples include: RDF, XML Pointer Language 3 (XPointer), XML Linking Language 4 (XLink) and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol 5 (HTTP) [87].…”

“…It also included the combination of a number of open source technologies that powered its extra features, such as [86]: a) Jabber to provide instant messaging functionality [18]; b) Shibboleth to provide secure user authentication [19]; and c) eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) as the XML-based language used to define access control policies [6]. Despite its differences to Annotea in terms of functionality, it was still RDF-based and could be viewed as an extension of Annotea [87].…”