Annotated Differentially Expressed Salivary Proteins of Susceptible and Insecticide-Resistant Mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi

Abstract

Vector control is one of the major global strategies for control of malaria. However, the major obstacle for vector control is the development of multiple resistances to organochlorine, organophosphorus insecticides and pyrethroids that are currently being used in public health for spraying and in bednets. Salivary glands of vectors are the first target organ for human-vector contact during biting and parasite-vector contact prior to parasite development in the mosquito midguts. The salivary glands secrete anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory biologically active molecules to facilitate blood feeding from the host and also inadvertently inject malaria parasites into the vertebrate host. The Anopheles stephensi mosquito, an urban vector of malaria to both human and rodent species has been identified as a reference laboratory model to study mosquito—parasite interactions. In this study, we adopted a conventional proteomic approach of 2D-electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and bioinformatics to identify putative differentially expressed annotated functional salivary proteins between An. stephensi susceptible and multiresistant strains with same genetic background. Our results show 2D gel profile and MALDI-TOF comparisons that identified 31 differentially expressed putative modulated proteins in deltamethrin/DDT resistant strains of An. stephensi. Among these 15 proteins were found to be upregulated and 16 proteins were downregulated. Our studies interpret that An. stephensi (multiresistant) caused an upregulated expression of proteins and enzymes like cytochrome 450, short chain dehyrdogenase reductase, phosphodiesterase etc that may have an impact in insecticide resistance and xenobiotic detoxification. Our study elucidates a proteomic response of salivary glands differentially regulated proteins in response to insecticide resistance development which include structural, redox and regulatory enzymes of several pathways. These identified proteins may play a role in regulating mosquito biting behavior patterns and may have implications in the development of malaria parasites in resistant mosquitoes during parasite transmission.

Protein expression in female salivary glands of pyrethroid-susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

“…Both Saglin and TRIO are involved in protection against oxidation, blood-feeding process and pathogen invasion [ 18 ]. Vijay et al [ 19 ] reported differentially expressed proteins and enzymes in salivary glands of deltamethrin/DDT resistant strains of An. stephensi that may have an impact on insecticide resistance and xenobiotic detoxification, such as short chain dehydrogenase reductase, cytochrome 450 and phosphodiesterase.…”

“…aegypti salivary gland extract enhances dengue pathogenesis after infection [ 16 ]. In previous studies, differential expression of salivary gland proteins between insecticide-susceptible and resistant strains of Culex quinquefasciatus [ 17 ], Anopheles gambiae [ 18 ] and Anopheles stephensi [ 19 ] has been reported. Regarding insecticide resistant mosquitoes in Thailand, no report of differentially expressed salivary gland proteins between susceptible and insecticide-resistant Ae.…”

Differential protein expression in the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes induced by the insecticide temephos

“…Overall, an increasing number of studies have compared differentially expressed proteins in vector mosquitoes, but these refer to proteins from the salivary glands (Cornelie et al , ; Vijay et al , ) or from the whole larval body (Wang et al , ), rather than the midgut. The studies cited above identified proteins that differ from those reported herein.…”

Insecticide Resistance in Vectors of Medically Important Parasitic Infections

“…Multiple resistance, which is emerging as the big issue in insecticide resistance management has also been detected with the help of proteomics like 2D electrophoresis and MALDI TOF in An. stephensi [79]. Thus, proteomics analysis can be a promising tool to tackle various obstacles in insecticide resistance management.…”