Annelida and Arthropoda are Not Sister Taxa: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Spiralian Metazoan Morphology

Eernisse, Douglas J.; Albert, James S.; Anderson, Frank E.

doi:10.1093/sysbio/41.3.305

Cited by 254 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…1a). These results are in full agreement with previous cladistic studies based on morphology (Brusca and Brusca 1990;Eernisse et al 1992;Weygoldt 1986) and molecular or molecular/morphological data (Ballard et al 1992;Kim et al 1996;Turbeville et al 1991;Wägele and Stanjek 1995;Wheeler et al 1993).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysissupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The question is now being reinvestigated with molecular phylogenies. However, results from various studies are not congruent (Wägele and Stanjek 1995;Turbeville et al 1991), and in some cases (Ballard et al 1992;Friedrich and Tautz 1995;Regier and Shultz 1997) there is conflict with morphological considerations (Eernisse et al 1992;Willmer 1990). This lack of consistency between morphological and molecular data is probably due to the complexity of biological diversity and/or some flaws of classical approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Mitochondrial Genes Collectively Suggest the Paraphyly of Crustacea with Respect to Insecta

et al. 1999

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Complete sequences of seven protein coding genes from Penaeus notialis mitochondrial DNA were compared in base composition and codon usage with homologous genes from Artemia franciscana and four insects. The crustacean genes are significantly less A + T-rich than their counterpart in insects and the pattern of codon usage (ratio of G + C-rich versus A + T-rich codon) is less biased. A phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences of the seven corresponding polypeptides supports a sister-taxon status for mollusks-annelid and arthropods. Furthermore, a distance matrix-based tree and two most-parsimonious trees both suggest that crustaceans are paraphyletic with respect to insects. This is also supported by the inclusion of Panulirus argus COII (complete) and COI and COIII (partial) sequence data. From analysis of single and combined genes to infer phylogenies, it is observed that obtained from single genes are not well supported in most topologies cases and notably differ from that of the tree based on all seven genes.

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Section: Phylogenetic Analysissupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mitochondrial Genes Collectively Suggest the Paraphyly of Crustacea with Respect to Insecta

et al. 1999

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“…However, morphological, developmental and molecular evidence has progressively undermined the Articulata concept (Minelli and Bortoletto 1988;Eernisse et al 1992) until it has been abandoned at last in favour of the new Ecdysozoa concept (Aguinaldo et al 1997), under which the arthropods, removed from any close affinity to the annelids, are placed together with nematodes and other phyla of moulting animals. Therefore, there is no specific reason for expecting, in arthropods, that segments progressively originate through the proliferative activity of a posterior blastema, unless we suppose that such a segmentation was the basal condition of all bilaterians.…”

Section: A Comparative Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

A three-phase model of arthropod segmentation

Minelli

2001

Development Genes and Evolution

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Molecular and morphological evidence (expression patterns of pair-rule genes and segmental position of the genital openings and other segmental markers) suggest that the segmental units of the arthropod body are specified, in early ontogeny, by three spatially and/or temporally distinct mechanisms and do not appear in a strict antero-posterior sequence. A first anterior set of indivisible segments (naupliar segments, possibly three in all arthropods) is followed by a set of more caudal (post-naupliar) primary units (eosegments, possibly ten in all arthropods) which then undergo a process of secondary segmentation, thus giving rise to a higher number of definitive segments (merosegments). The number of merosegments deriving from each eosegment is characteristic of the different arthropod clades and is mostly stable at the level of the traditional arthropodan classes or subclasses. All their segmentation patterns, however, including those found in the segmental organisation of highly segmented forms (such as centipedes and millipedes, notostracan, lipostracan and anostracan crustaceans, and trilobites) are reducible to the basic groundplan with three naupliar and ten postnaupliar segments. These basic units of arthropod segmentation may also have an equivalent in other Ecdysozoa, despite the lack of any segmentation (nematodes) or, at least, of an overt segmentation (kinorhynchs).

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“…Nematodes would represent the earliest branch on the metazoan phylogeny. But Rouse and Fauchald (1995) have proposed reviving a traditional grouping (Articulata) of annelids and arthropods as sister taxa, which had been discredited by Eernisse et al (1992) and others. Lake has recently advocated a radical change linking arthropods and nematodes (Aguinaldo et al 1997).…”

Section: The Mitochondrial Genome and Problems In Animal Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Order Breakpoint Evidence in Animal Mitochondrial Phylogeny

1999

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Multiple genome rearrangement methodology facilitates the inference of animal phylogeny from gene orders on the mitochondrial genome. The breakpoint distance is preferable to other, highly correlated but computationally more difficult, genomic distances when applied to these data. A number of theories of metazoan evolution are compared to phylogenies reconstructed by ancestral genome optimization, using a minimal total breakpoints criterion. The notion of unambiguously reconstructed segments is introduced as a way of extracting the invariant aspects of multiple solutions for a given ancestral genome; this enables a detailed reconstruction of the evolution of non-tRNA mitochondrial gene order.

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Annelida and Arthropoda are Not Sister Taxa: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Spiralian Metazoan Morphology

Cited by 254 publications

References 44 publications

Mitochondrial Genes Collectively Suggest the Paraphyly of Crustacea with Respect to Insecta

Mitochondrial Genes Collectively Suggest the Paraphyly of Crustacea with Respect to Insecta

A three-phase model of arthropod segmentation

Gene Order Breakpoint Evidence in Animal Mitochondrial Phylogeny

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