Annealing temperature effect on structural properties of tin oxide nanoparticles

Abstract

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized employing simple sol–gel method. Modification in the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles due to various solution pH (6–12) and thermal annealing at 400 °C (Experiment 1) was studied. X-ray diffraction results of the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the precursor solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed the formation of tin oxide tetragonal phase (SnO2-t) and the surface morphology of the SnO2-t nano- particles studied by scanning electron microscope revealed the formation of spherical shaped agglomerations. Hence, the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the solution pH 8 were annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C in order to study the effect of annealing at various temperatures on the structural, morphological, optical and vibrational properties of tin oxide nanoparticles (Experiment 2). When the annealing temperature was increased to 600 and 800 °C, mixed phases of SnO2-t and tin oxide orthorhombic system (SnO-o) were formed. Various solution pH and annealing temperatures influenced the direct band gap value. SnO2-t phase synthesized from the solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed a direct band gap of ~4.50 eV. The tin oxide samples annealed at various temperatures showed a slight shift in the fluorescence peak observed at ~327 nm. Raman studies of the samples obtained from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 showed a slight shift in the vibrational frequency. I–V studies carried out to investigate the electrical properties of the SnO2 thin film formed by simple drop casting method revealed better ohmic contact and its suitability for gas sens- ing applications.

Structural analysis and characterization of lead oxide

“…Broadband around 1400 cm -1 refers to -OH bending vibration. The infrared peak at 2343 cm -1 is generally related to C=O stretching vibration modes that refer to the contribution of CO 2 dissolution from the air [12]. The PbO characteristic bands are similar to those found in previous studies in which PbO nanoparticles were prepared using various methods such as chemical synthesis and laser ablation.…”

“…Among the fillers incorporated with PS, lead was chosen since the new polymer nanocomposite will be evaluated for radiation attenuation capability [11]. Lead mono oxide (PbO) has received considerable research attention of all lead oxide forms as it is a semiconductor with two crystalline structures: litharge (tetragonal crystalline structure) with a bandgap of 1.9-2.2 eV and massicot (orthorhombic crystalline structure) with a bandgap of 2.7 eV [12]. Lead mono oxide has been used in many applications such as laser technology, electrocardiography, imaging devices, batteries, paints, glass industry and radiation shielding [13][14][15].…”

Thermodynamic properties of MgFeH3 alloy

“…It has been suggested that other energy sources for example wind, nuclear energy, solar and hydrogen should be utilized [2] in order to lessen our reliance on fossil fuels as well as protect ourselves from the harm that these fuels create [3]. However, this presents additional challenges that must also be overcome, such as the storage and transportation of energy [4]. These issues must be resolved.…”

BaRuO3 coated Ti plate as an efficient and stable electro-catalyst for water splitting reaction in alkaline medium

“…To reduce the cost without compromising the catalytic capabilities, attempt has been made to synthesize ruthenium (Ru) with other transition metal based oxides as electro-catalysts for HER and OER [ 6 , 14 ]. In literature, there are numerous techniques, such as solid-state method, hydrothermal method, sol-gel method and deposition method, available to synthesize various oxide materials and it was found that the synthetic method and the curing temperature have profound effect on the crystal growth and hence on their catalytic properties [ [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] ]. Recent report on the low cost synthesis of bimetallic oxides and its coatings over a metal surface shows the hard-corrosion resistance property [ 34 ].…”