Anisotropic Transverse Confinement Design for Electrically Pumped 850 nm VCSELs Tuned by an Intra Cavity Liquid-Crystal Cell

Abstract

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Direct 3D-printing of microlens on single mode polarization-stable VCSEL chip for miniaturized optical spectroscopy

“…The reference device stays single mode over all the current range (blue solid curve), as measured. An internal spatial temperature profile with a peak of 150°C at the cavity section is needed to match the experimental wavelength variation, by assuming the standard temperature dependence of the refractive indices (2.3 10−4) 33 , 34 . The thermal lensing diminishes the gain difference, which reaches an estimated value of 21% for the lens-less device at the internal temperature increase of 150°C.…”

“…An internal spatial temperature profile with a peak of 150°C at the cavity section is needed to match the experimental wavelength variation, by assuming the standard temperature dependence of the refractive indices (2.3 10 −4 ). 33,34 The thermal lensing diminishes the gain difference, which reaches an estimated value of 21% for the lens-less device at the internal temperature increase of 150°C. Integrating the lens, the gain threshold G 0 increases by 20% [see red solid curve in Fig.…”

Reduced Dimensionality Multiphysics Model for Efficient VCSEL Optimization

“…QWs are modeled by adopting quantum corrections via 2D populations coupled to bulk ones through a capture time [35,[38][39][40][41][42]. Optical simulations are based on our in-house 1D electromagnetic simulator (Vcsel ELectroMagnetic) VELM [43][44][45]. The extracted optical data, such as modal losses, optical confinement factor, and output power coupling coefficient, allow us to describe the carrier-photon coupling.…”

Liquid-Crystal Spin-VCSEL with Electro-Optically Controllable Birefringence

“…LC embedded in a second cavity, coupled with the active VCSEL cavity, has been shown to provide polarization control [19][20][21], emission of circularly polarized light [22,23] and high contrast modulation [21,24]. Utilizing nematic LC for wavelength tuning has also been considered both theoretically [25][26][27][28] and experimentally [29,30].…”