Anion Exchange Membranes with 1D, 2D and 3D Fillers: A Review

Narducci, Riccardo; Sgreccia, Emanuela; Knauth, Philippe; Vona, Maria Luisa Di

doi:10.3390/polym13223887

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…Remarkably, the present water phase technique shows improved selectivity due to the uniform distribution of ZIF-8 nanofillers in the polymeric matrix, even at higher concentrations (up to 40.5% of ZIF-8 loadings). The results further confirmed that the aqueous phase method could overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the MMMs for high-filler loadings, as compared with solid nanofiller incorporation methods [ 47 , 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells

Hsu

Kumar

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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The present work investigates the direct mixing of aqueous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) suspension into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to form swelling-resistant, mechanically robust and conductivity retentive composite membranes. This drying-free nanofiller incorporation method enhances the homogeneous ZIF-8 distributions in the PVA/ZIF-8/GA composites to overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the mixed matrix membranes. Various ZIF-8 concentrations (25.4, 40.5 and 45.4 wt.%) are used to study the suitability of the resulting GA-crosslinked composites for direct alkaline methanol fuel cell (DAMFC). Surface morphological analysis confirmed homogeneous ZIF-8 particle distribution in the GA-crosslinked composites with a defect- and crack-free structure. The increased ionic conductivity (21% higher than the ZIF-free base material) and suppressed alcohol permeability (94% lower from the base material) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA resulted in the highest selectivity among the prepared composites. In addition, the GA-crosslinked composites’ selectivity increased to 1.5–2 times that of those without crosslink. Moreover, the ZIF-8 nanofillers improved the mechanical strength and alkaline stability of the composites. This was due to the negligible volume swelling ratio (<1.4%) of high (>40%) ZIF-8-loaded composites. After 168 h of alkaline treatment, the PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite had almost negligible ionic conductivity loss (0.19%) compared with the initial material. The maximum power density (Pmax) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite was 190.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, an increase of 181% from the PVA/GA membrane. Moreover, the Pmax of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA was 10% higher than that without GA crosslinking. These swelling-resistant and stable solid electrolytes are promising in alkaline fuel cell applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells

Hsu

Kumar

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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“…Progress has been made in addressing the challenges to fuel cell efficiency by considering different operating conditions, utilizing different fuels and components [ 16 , 17 ]. Accordingly, various fuel cells have been termed, such as low- [ 18 ], intermediate- [ 19 ], and high-temperature [ 20 ] proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) [ 21 , 22 ], alkaline fuel cells [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) [ 27 , 28 ], direct ethanol fuel cells [ 29 ], molten-carbonate fuel cells [ 30 ], direct borohydride fuel cells [ 31 ], solid-oxide fuel cells [ 32 ], unitized-regenerative fuel cells [ 33 , 34 ], and microbial fuel cells [ 35 ]. In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to DMFCs [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Cellulose Proton-Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Palanisamy

Thangarasu

2023

Polymers

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A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an excellent energy device in which direct conversion of methanol to energy occurs, resulting in a high energy conversion rate. For DMFCs, fluoropolymer copolymers are considered excellent proton-exchange membranes (PEMs). However, the high cost and high methanol permeability of commercial membranes are major obstacles to overcome in achieving higher performance in DMFCs. Novel developments have focused on various reliable materials to decrease costs and enhance DMFC performance. From this perspective, cellulose-based materials have been effectively considered as polymers and additives with multiple concepts to develop PEMs for DMFCs. In this review, we have extensively discussed the advances and utilization of cost-effective cellulose materials (microcrystalline cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose, cellulose whiskers, cellulose nanofibers, and cellulose acetate) as PEMs for DMFCs. By adding cellulose or cellulose derivatives alone or into the PEM matrix, the performance of DMFCs is attained progressively. To understand the impact of different structures and compositions of cellulose-containing PEMs, they have been classified as functionalized cellulose, grafted cellulose, acid-doped cellulose, cellulose blended with different polymers, and composites with inorganic additives.

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“…Various strategies have been explored to decrease the degradation [18] including a change of the polymer backbone [19,20], the introduction of long side chains, [21][22][23][24], and the delocalization of the positive charge [13,25]. Similarly, the use of composites with stable inorganic materials in alkaline environments such as hydrotalcites have shown an improvement in mechanical properties [26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aliphatic Anion Exchange Ionomers with Long Spacers and No Ether Links by Ziegler–Natta Polymerization: Properties and Alkaline Stability

et al. 2022

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In this work we report the synthesis of poly(vinylbenzylchloride-co-hexene) copolymer grafted with N,N-dimethylhexylammonium groups to study the effect of an aliphatic backbone without ether linkage on the ionomer properties. The copolymerization was achieved by the Ziegler–Natta method, employing the complex ZrCl4 (THF)2 as a catalyst. A certain degree of crosslinking with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was introduced with the aim of avoiding excessive swelling in water. The resulting anion exchange polymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, FTIR, TGA, and ion exchange capacity (IEC) measurements. The ionomers showed good alkaline stability; after 72 h of treatment in 2 M KOH at 80 °C the remaining IEC of 76% confirms that ionomers without ether bonds are less sensitive to a SN2 attack and suggests the possibility of their use as a binder in a fuel cell electrode formulation. The ionomers were also blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The water uptake of the blend membranes was around 110% at 25 °C. The ionic conductivity at 25 °C in the OH− form was 29.5 mS/cm.

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Anion Exchange Membranes with 1D, 2D and 3D Fillers: A Review

Cited by 13 publications

References 140 publications

Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells

Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells

Modified Cellulose Proton-Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Aliphatic Anion Exchange Ionomers with Long Spacers and No Ether Links by Ziegler–Natta Polymerization: Properties and Alkaline Stability

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