Animism revived.

Looft, William R.; Bartz, Wayne H.

doi:10.1037/h0026856

Cited by 59 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Alguns autores, não utilizando como referencial teórico a epistemologia de Bachelard, têm pesquisado a importância do animismo, da teleologia e do antropomorfismo no ensino de ciências [6][7][8][9]. Segundo Tamir e Zohar [7], a teleologia se refere a casos nos quais os fins são usados como explicações para a forma como certas estruturas são construídas, ou para a maneira como certas funções são exercidas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Identificação de concepções antropomórficas, teleológicas e vitalistas entre participantes de uma reunião anual da SBBq

et al. 2016

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ResumoNeste trabalho, buscou-se identificar obstáculos epistemológicos entre os presentes na XXXIX Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (SBBq). Um questionário com perguntas e excertos de artigos científicos de revistas de alto fator de impacto foi respondido por 97 presentes (39 estudantes de iniciação científica, 42 pós-graduandos e 16 professores e pesquisadores). A partir da noção de obstáculo epistemológico proposta por Bachelard, foi possível identificar concepções vitalistas (animismo), concepções teleológicas dos processos evolutivos, em afirmações como a existência de objetivos/finalidades na adaptação dos organismos, assim como uma visão antropomórfica dos processos biológicos em avaliação, tanto nas respostas às perguntas como na aceitação ou não identificação destes obstáculos nos excertos. Verificou-se a presença de figuras de linguagem, metáforas e analogias (obstáculo verbal) na explicação da evolução e do sistema imune, também presentes nos excertos dos artigos. Palavras-chave: antropomorfismo; teleologia; vitalismo. Abstract The aim of this work was to identify epistemological obstacles amongst participants of XXXIX Annual Meeting of Brazilian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Identificação de concepções antropomórficas, teleológicas e vitalistas entre participantes de uma reunião anual da SBBq

et al. 2016

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“…Evidence from psychology, however, suggests that things are not so simple. Many studies have shown a propensity of both children and adults for describing inanimate events and occurrences in animistic terms (Bassili, 1976;Berzonsky, 1971;Heider & Simmel, 1944;Looft & Bartz, 1969;Michotte, 1963;Tagiuri, 1960). One could argue that both adults and children are using animistic terms as metaphors, or at most that animistic thought is confined to young children and atrophies during development.…”

Section: Causation In the Natural And Artificial Realmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ideas about causation in philosophy and psychology.

White¹

1990

Psychological Bulletin

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Philosophical theories summarized here include regularity and necessity theories from Hume to the present; manipulability theory; the theory of powerful particulars; causation as connected changes within a denned state of affairs; departures from "normal" events or from some standard for comparison; causation as a transfer of something between objects; and causal propagation and production. Issues found in this literature and of relevance for psychology include whether actual causal relations can be perceived or known; what sorts of things people believe can be causes; different levels of causal analysis; the distinction between the causal relation itself and cues to causal relations; causal frames or fields; internal and external causes; and understanding of causation in different realms of the world, such as the natural and artificial realms. A full theory of causal inference by laypeople should address all of these issues.The main purpose of this article is to survey philosophical theories of causation in a manner intended to be suitable for psychologists interested in causation. The article has two sections: The first presents brief summaries of philosophical theories of causation from Aristotle to the present. In the second, issues found in the philosophical literature are used to suggest new approaches to the study of causation in psychology. Philosophical Theories of CausationSeveral psychologists have written about selected philosophical theories of causation (Cook & Campbell, 1979;Einhorn & Hogarth, 1986;Hastie, 1983;Shaver, 1985;Shultz, 1982), but a comprehensive survey of the philosophical literature has, as yet, not been published in psychology. Most psychological research and theory on causal inference and attribution has taken some philosophical notion as its point of departure, so a wide survey of recent philosophy is likely to be of value as a source of new ideas and hypotheses about causal inference and attribution in psychology. It is not, however, the purpose of this article to evaluate the philosophical merits and weaknesses of theories, nor to provide a comprehensive review of the philosophical literature with its many debates between proponents of different views. Rather, from the point of view of use in psychology, my aim is to give summary sketches of the most important points of each theory. Although intended to communicate the essential character of each theory, these sketches are necessarily oversimplified; readers wishing a more complete exposition should consult the original sources. Mostly I have refrained from classifying different authors together, but in some cases I have adopted the groupings used by Beauchamp (1974), without meaning to imply that there are no differences between the views of different authors grouped together.

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“…They interpreted these findings as an indication of regression to infantile modes of thinking in the elderly. Looft and Bartz [1969], in a comprehensive review of animism research, suggested that although D ennis and Mallinger's results may be manifestations of neurological deterioration, this is not a suitable explanation of appa rent animistic tendencies in adult subjects. They state: 'It appears that in many cases the animism observed was artificially induced by the experimental set-up.…”

Section: A Nim Ismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Functioning in Middle and Old Age Adults

Papalia

Bielby²

1974

Human Development

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Relatively little theoretical attention has been directed to the question of cognitive status in the latter portion of the life-span. A review of the literature on Piagetian cognitive functioning (i.e., logical operations, animism, moral development, egocentrism) indicated wide individual differences in adulthood cognitive performance with continued cognitive development for at least some middle-age subjects on certain cognitive tasks. Generally, lower levels of cognitive functioning were noted for elderly subjects as compared to adult groups. Several possible interpretations of these age differences were offered: neural degeneration, isolation, ‘terminal drop’, and methodological insufficiencies. The effects of certain demographic variables (e.g., educational level, sex, race, living condition of respondent, and presence or absence of diagnosed chronic brain syndrome) on performance were reviewed and inconsistent results were noted. More precise investigations of the factors influencing cognitive performance in adulthood and aging are recommended.

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Animism revived.

Cited by 59 publications

References 28 publications

Identificação de concepções antropomórficas, teleológicas e vitalistas entre participantes de uma reunião anual da SBBq

Identificação de concepções antropomórficas, teleológicas e vitalistas entre participantes de uma reunião anual da SBBq

Ideas about causation in philosophy and psychology.

Cognitive Functioning in Middle and Old Age Adults

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