Animals as potential reservoirs for dengue transmission: A systematic review

Gwee, Sylvia Xiao Wei; John, Ashley L. St.; Gray, Gregory C.; Pang, Junxiong

doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100216

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Clearly, the African continent as a whole is severely under-sampled in the context of DENV and other arboviruses [ 20 ]. Indeed, it is possible that viruses of these ancestral lineages and clusters may be circulating unnoticed in the human populations and/or in sylvatic reservoirs [ 7 , 46 ], as has been observed for DENV2 in Senegal [ [47] , [48] , [49] ]. In the present study, two sequences isolated almost 30 years apart in Senegal were identified as genetically closely related in the DENV4 phylogeny (cluster I, Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 ), may be of significance for our understanding of future dengue virus epidemiology in Africa, perhaps directly indicating that DENV does survive long-term in the sylvatic forest environment. Thus, to understand the epidemiology of DENV, one must apply a One Health approach to examine the environmental characteristics that promote suitable living-conditions for the mosquito-vector and its interaction with animal reservoirs and endemic transmission to humans [ 7 ]. Historically, it has been believed for many years that people of African ethnicity may be more resistant than Asians and Europeans, to infection by dengue viruses and this was recently supported by studies of dengue fever, in Colombia [ 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, the aetiological agent is known to be a flavivirus (genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae ), i.e. dengue virus (DENV) comprising four distinct serotypes (DENV1–DENV4) existing in an enzootic cycle infecting primates and an epidemic cycle affecting humans [ 7 ]. However, despite efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines and antiviral treatments, the prospects for control of these four DENV serotypes looks bleak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracing and tracking the emergence, epidemiology and dispersal of dengue virus to Africa during the 20th century

et al. 2021

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The four mosquito-borne dengue virus serotypes (DENV1–DENV4) cause a high burden of disease throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Nevertheless, their precise epidemiological history in Africa, including when and where they originated and were distributed during the 20th century, remains unclear stressing the need for One Health focused research. Accordingly, we conducted a time-scaled molecular epidemiological reconstruction using publicly available and newly sequenced dengue virus genomes of African origin representing all four serotypes to deduce the most likely temporal and spatial transmission routes of each DENV serotype from their ancestral regions to, within and from Africa. Our analyses suggest that during the 20th century, serotypes DENV1–DENV3 were introduced to Africa from South East Asia on multiple occasions. The earliest evidence recorded indicates introduction of DENV2 during the early-1940s and of DENV1 during the mid-1940s to Western Africa from South East Asia. The analysis also implies an early introduction of DENV4 during the mid-1940s to Western Africa, alongside DENV1, probably originating in South East Asia. Establishment of DENV3 in Africa appears to have occurred later in the 1960s, apparently originating from South East Asia. However, with the re-establishment of DENV in the Americas, following the cessation of the PAHO mosquito control programme during the mid-20th century, evidence of introductions of DENV1 and DENV2 from the Americas to Western Africa was also observed. The data also identify intra-regional circulation of DENV, but also inter-regional dispersal of all four serotypes within Africa, which has led to a high degree of geographical overlap among serotypes. It is also noteworthy that DENV from both Eastern and Western Africa, have been introduced into Central Africa but there is no support for the converse relationship. For serotypes DENV1–DENV3, we observed probable exports from within established African DENV clusters (≥2 sequences) primarily to Eastern and Southern Asia. Collectively, our findings support the view that all DENV serotypes, apart from DENV4, have been introduced on multiple occasions to Africa, primarily originating from South East Asia, and subsequently to neighbouring regions within Africa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracing and tracking the emergence, epidemiology and dispersal of dengue virus to Africa during the 20th century

et al. 2021

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“…However, WNV migration from the Eastern United States to the West Coast by 2003 was undoubtedly due to infection and persistence of this virus in migratory birds, reptiles, and amphibians [ 31 ]. In addition to non-human primates, dengue infection has occurred in pigs, marsupials, bats, birds, horses, bovids, rodents, and canines [ 32 , 33 ]. There is potential enzootic transmission, but regular dengue virus spillback cannot be excluded.…”

Section: Infection and Persistence Of Flaviviruses In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research suggests that the principal reservoirs of mosquito-borne flaviviruses are non-human primates and avian species, often referred to as a “sylvatic cycle” [ 32 , 55 ]. Additional mammals generally serve as accidental hosts, but not always, as this still requires additional research [ 10 ].…”

Section: Infection and Persistence Of Flaviviruses In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations

Blahove

Carter

2021

Viruses

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A substantial number of humans are at risk for infection by vector-borne flaviviruses, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses also infect wildlife at a considerable rate, persistently cycling between ticks/mosquitoes and small mammals and reptiles and non-human primates and humans. Substantially increasing evidence of viral persistence in wildlife continues to be reported. In addition to in humans, viral persistence has been shown to establish in mammalian, reptile, arachnid, and mosquito systems, as well as insect cell lines. Although a considerable amount of research has centered on the potential roles of defective virus particles, autophagy and/or apoptosis-induced evasion of the immune response, and the precise mechanism of these features in flavivirus persistence have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present findings that aid in understanding how vector-borne flavivirus persistence is established in wildlife. Research studies to be discussed include determining the critical roles universal flavivirus non-structural proteins played in flaviviral persistence, the advancement of animal models of viral persistence, and studying host factors that allow vector-borne flavivirus replication without destructive effects on infected cells. These findings underscore the viral–host relationships in wildlife animals and could be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the establishment of viral persistence in these animals.

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