Animal trypanosomiasis in Africa: Aetiology and Epidemiology

Ugochukwu, Emmanuel Ikenna

doi:10.4314/ari.v5i1.48718

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It is present in more than 37 African countries [2]. Caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Trypanosoma that inhabit the blood stream, lymph nodes and other tissues [4,5]. Different species of trypanosomes affect a wide variety of animal species including mammals, birds, reptiles and fish [6,7].…”

Section: Introduction Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Nhamitambo¹

2017

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

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Trypanosomosis is a major neglected disease of animals and man that causes great negative socio-economic impact in many African countries. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the blood from the genus Trypanosoma. Previous studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of trypanosomosis in Tanzania, but none has been done in the human/ livestock/wildlife interface areas of Mikumi National Park. The present study determined prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle blood sampled in five villages of the Mikumi interface areas. Trypanosome species were identified using the nested ITS-PCR and SRA-LAMP. Acquired biodata and spatial information were used for the analysis of risk factors based on the proximity from the park. Data analysis for categorical variables was performed using Chi-square, Fishers exact test, Odds and Risk ratios. Maps were created using the ArcMap ™ version 10.1 GIS software (ESRI 2012). Overall prevalence was 51.47%. Infection significantly varied among the 5 villages (p = 0.0022). The study identified 7 different species of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma simiae had the highest rate of infection 48.15%, followed by T. theileri 26.67%, T. vivax 16.30%, T. brucei brucei 4.44%, T. congolense forest 2.22%, T. simiae tsavo 1.48% and T. congolense kilifi 0.74%. No zoonotic species were identified. High density vegetation (p = 0.0001) and human activity (livestock market and cattle movement) (p = 0.0001) were identified as strong risk factors for infection. Areas with charco dams (p = 0.0001) and those close to tsetse screens and traps (p = 0.0006) had significantly lower infection prevalence. Identifying risk factors, quantifying the risk and doing spatial analysis is essential to determine the control measures to be used in the affected rural communities.

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Section: Introduction Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Nhamitambo¹

2017

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

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“…Accordingly, most of these autochthonous cases have been diagnosed for L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis [7][8][9]. Traditionally, trypanosomiasis in non-endemic areas is commonly prevalent in a broad range of domestic and wild animals, i.e., rodents, cattle, buffalos, elephants, tigers, and pigs, as well as amphibians and reptiles [1,10]. However, a number of atypical human trypanosomiasis cases have so far been documented worldwide and ascribed to some animal trypanosomes, such as T. b. brucei, T. evansi, T. vivax, T. congolense, T. lewisi, and T. lewisilike trypanosomes [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of Anuran Trypanosoma DNA in Flat-Tailed House Geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Collected from Southern Thailand: No Evidence as a Reservoir for Human Trypanosomatids

et al. 2022

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Over the years, cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis have been dramatically increasing in Thailand. Recently, several publications have claimed certain species of the phlebotomine sand flies and biting midges potentially serve as natural vectors of Leishmania and Trypanosoma species in this country. However, more information regarding the vector–parasite relationships, as well as their natural reservoirs in the country, still needs to be explored. Herein, we hypothesized that synanthropic reptiles in the leishmaniasis-affected area might be a natural reservoir for these parasites. In this present study, a total of nineteen flat-tailed house geckos were collected from the house of a leishmaniasis patient in Songkhla province, southern Thailand, and then dissected for their visceral organs for parasite detection. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1)-specific amplifications were conducted to verify the presence of Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites, respectively. Only Trypanosoma DNA was screened positive in eight gecko individuals by SSU rRNA-PCR in at least one visceral organ (4, 4, and 6 of the heart, liver, and spleen, respectively) and phylogenetically related to the anuran Trypanosoma spp. (An04/Frog1 clade) previously detected in three Asian sand fly species (Phlebotomus kazeruni, Sergentomyia indica, and Se. khawi). Hence, our data indicate the first detection of anuran Trypanosoma sp. in the flat-tailed house geckos from southern Thailand. Essentially, it can be inferred that there is no evidence for the flat-tailed house gecko (Hemidactylus platyurus) as a natural reservoir of human pathogenic trypanosomatids in the leishmaniasis-affected area of southern Thailand.

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“…This haemoprotozoan is virulent, inoculable but not contagious, except for Trypanosoma equiperdium that is transmitted by coitus (Radostits et al, 2007). These parasites are commonly found in the tropics and affect a wide variety of domestic and wild animals (Ugochukwu, 2009). It causes high morbidity and high mortality in infected herds, thereby making the disease very difficult to manage in endemic areas (Ugochukwu, 2009).…”

Section: Introduction Introduction Introduction Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These parasites are commonly found in the tropics and affect a wide variety of domestic and wild animals (Ugochukwu, 2009). It causes high morbidity and high mortality in infected herds, thereby making the disease very difficult to manage in endemic areas (Ugochukwu, 2009).…”

Section: Introduction Introduction Introduction Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection of Trypanosoma species and haematological alterations in four trypanosome-infected Nigerian horses

et al. 2021

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Trypanosomes cause anaemia and are responsible for widespread morbidity and mortality particularly in imported breeds of animals found in sub-tropical and tropical parts of the world. Light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian crossbred horses at Obollo-Afor abattoir, Udenu Local Government Area, Enugu State Nigeria. Blood was collected via the jugular outflow from a total of 200 horses of varying ages and either sex. Conventional procedures were followed during the PCR assay, parasite identification in wet mount, Leishman-stained thin blood and buffy coat smears on glass slides. Light microscopy revealed Trypanosoma species with an elongated, streamlined and tapered body, highly suggestive of T. brucei brucei or its subspecies T. evansi or T. equiperdum. PCR assay produced the expected fragment size of 700 bp specific for ITS-1 region of the 18SrRNA gene of Trypanosoma species in 4 (2%) of 200 blood samples against the routine blood and buffy coat smear examination, which revealed trypanosomes in 3 (1.5%) out of 200 blood samples. Sex and age were not significantly (p>0.05) associated with the trypanosome infection. One of the Trypanosoma infected anaemic horses had microcytic normochromic anaemia, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and normal leukocyte count, while one of the Trypanosoma species infected non-anaemic horses had erythrocytic parameters and ESR values that are within the reference range, with leukocytosis. It was concluded that the prevalence of equine trypanosomosis was very low, and it’s characterized by mild to moderate anaemia in clinical cases.

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Animal trypanosomiasis in Africa: Aetiology and Epidemiology

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

First Report of Anuran Trypanosoma DNA in Flat-Tailed House Geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Collected from Southern Thailand: No Evidence as a Reservoir for Human Trypanosomatids

Molecular detection of Trypanosoma species and haematological alterations in four trypanosome-infected Nigerian horses

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