Animal noroviruses

Scipioni, Alexandra; Mauroy, Axel; Vinjé, Jan; Thiry, Étienne

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.012

Cited by 122 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…The VTB for the specific detection of human and animal AdV and NoV specifically targets some of the most common human and animal enteric or respiratory viral pathogens (13,16,25,38,41) as well as Fϩ RNA bacteriophages, which are generally found as part of the normal gut flora of humans and animals (3). Once released into the environment, AdV, NoV, and Fϩ RNA bacteriophages are considered very stable in the environment and are found frequently in contaminated rivers, freshwater, marine water, groundwater, drinking water, and shellfish (4, 7, 10-12, 26, 27, 36, 39, 49).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Multiplex Quantitative PCR Assays for Tracking Sources of Fecal Contamination

Wolf

Hewitt

Greening

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

157

112

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Human and animal fecal pollution of the environment presents a risk to human health because of the presence of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. To distinguish between human and animal sources of pollution, we designed specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for human and animal enteric viruses, including norovirus genogroups I, II, and III; porcine adenovirus types 3 and 5; ovine adenovirus; atadenovirus; and human adenovirus species C and F, which are excreted by infected humans, pigs, cattle, sheep, deer, and goats, and for the detection of F؉ RNA bacteriophage genogroups I to IV, which are associated with human and animal wastes. The sensitivity of this viral toolbox (VTB) was tested against 10-fold dilution series of DNA plasmids that carry the target sequences of the respective viruses and was shown to detect at least 10 plasmid copies for each assay. A panel of human and animal enteric and respiratory viruses showed these assays to be highly sensitive and specific to their respective targets. The VTB was used to detect viruses in fecal and environmental samples, including raw sewage and biosolids from municipal sewage treatment plants, abattoir sewage, and fecally contaminated shellfish and river water, which were likely to contain animal or human viruses.It is important that sources of fecal pollution are rapidly and accurately identified so that environmental managers can develop strategies to eliminate the source of the pollution in an efficient and cost-effective manner. The identification of fecal sources also allows the potential risk to human health following the consumption of or exposure to contaminated food or water to be estimated. For this purpose, numerous fecal source tracking methods have been developed. Among these are library-dependent methods such as antibiotic resistance testing or molecular fingerprinting (e.g., terminal restriction length fragment polymorphism [T-RFLP] or ribotyping) and library-independent approaches, including the detection of human-specific bacteriophages by plaque assay (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis bacteriophages), the detection of certain chemicals associated with human and nonhuman wastes (e.g., caffeine, laundry brighteners, fecal sterols, and stanols), and the detection of specific genetic markers by PCR. The molecular detection of human and animal viruses and bacteriophages falls into the latter category. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the circumstances and the questions at hand. To date, none has been proposed as a standard method (9,34,40,45).The detection and genotyping of Fϩ RNA bacteriophages have been widely used as a tool for microbial source tracking (MST) (5,8,17,18,31,44). Fϩ RNA bacteriophage genogroup I (GI) and GIV have been associated with animal contamination, and genogroups II and III indicate predominantly human fecal contamination or domestic sewage-associated in-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Multiplex Quantitative PCR Assays for Tracking Sources of Fecal Contamination

Wolf

Hewitt

Greening

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

157

112

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“…Based on the nucleotide sequence diversity of the ORF2, human NoVs are currently classified into five genogroups (GI-GV) (Clarke et al 2012;Green 2013). Human infection has been associated with genogroups I, II and IV while genogroups III and V infect cows and mice, respectively (Zheng et al 2006;Scipioni et al 2008;Clarke et al 2012). Porcine strains and a strain from lions are grouped in GII (Martella et al 2007) while a strain from a dog was identified in GIV (Martella et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya

et al. 2014

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In this study the prevalence and genotypes of NoVs in selected water sources from rural, urban and refugee settings in Kenya was investigated. Ten liters each of river, household and borehole water were collected in rural (Mboone river), urban (Nairobi and Mutoine river), and refugee (Dadaab refugee camp) settings. Noroviruses were recovered from the water samples by a glass wool adsorption-elution technique and/or PEG/NaCl precipitation.Nucleic acid was extracted using the automated MagNA Pure platform. Noroviruses were detected with singleplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays and characterised by nucleotide sequence analysis. Noroviruses were detected in 63% (25/40) of the selected water samples comprising GII (42.5%), GI (2.5%) and mixed GI/GII (17.5%) positive samples. The prevalence of NoVs in the Mutoine river (urban area) was higher than in the Mboone river (rural area) (P=0.0013). Norovirus GI.1, GI.3, GI.9, GII.4, GII.6, GII.12, GII.16 and GII.17 were identified, with GII.17 accounting for 76% (16/21) of the typed strains. The NoV GII.17 predominance differs to other studies in Africa and further surveillance of NoVs in clinical and environmental settings is required to clarify/elucidate this observation. As information regarding NoVs in Kenyan water sources is limited this report provides valuable new data on NoV genotypes circulating in environmental water sources and the surrounding communities in Kenya.

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“…The virus is highly contiguous, resistant to commercially used disinfectants, and has a low infectious dose (2,29,49). However, human NoV remains difficult to study because it cannot be grown in cell culture and it lacks a small-animal model (14,44). Furthermore, there is no vaccine or antiviral drug against this virus (33,47).…”

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confidence: 99%

Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Hydroponically Grown Romaine Lettuce

DiCaprio¹,

Ma²,

Purgianto³

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTFresh produce is a major vehicle for the transmission of human norovirus (NoV) because it is easily contaminated during both pre- and postharvest stages. However, the ecology of human NoV in fresh produce is poorly understood. In this study, we determined whether human NoV and its surrogates can be internalized via roots and disseminated to edible portions of the plant. The roots of romaine lettuce growing in hydroponic feed water were inoculated with 1 × 106RNA copies/ml of a human NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) strain or 1 × 106to 2 × 106PFU/ml of animal caliciviruses (Tulane virus [TV] and murine norovirus [MNV-1]), and plants were allowed to grow for 2 weeks. Leaves, shoots, and roots were homogenized, and viral titers and/or RNA copies were determined by plaque assay and/or real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. For human NoV, high levels of viral-genome RNA (105to 106RNA copies/g) were detected in leaves, shoots, and roots at day 1 postinoculation and remained stable over the 14-day study period. For MNV-1 and TV, relatively low levels of infectious virus particles (101to 103PFU/g) were detected in leaves and shoots at days 1 and 2 postinoculation, but virus reached a peak titer (105to 106PFU/g) at day 3 or 7 postinoculation. In addition, human NoV had a rate of internalization comparable with that of TV as determined by real-time RT-PCR, whereas TV was more efficiently internalized than MNV-1 as determined by plaque assay. Taken together, these results demonstrated that human NoV and animal caliciviruses became internalized via roots and efficiently disseminated to the shoots and leaves of the lettuce.

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Animal noroviruses

Cited by 122 publications

References 160 publications

Viral Multiplex Quantitative PCR Assays for Tracking Sources of Fecal Contamination

Viral Multiplex Quantitative PCR Assays for Tracking Sources of Fecal Contamination

Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya

Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Hydroponically Grown Romaine Lettuce

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