Animal models to test respiratory allergy of low molecular weight chemicals: A guidance

Comparison of cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice exposed to respiratory and contact sensitizers

“…Previous reports also showed that dermal application of not only respiratory sensitizers but additionally a contact sensitizer DNCB increased serum total IgE in mice (Ban and Hettich, 2001;Selgrade et al, 2006). While serum IgE is considered to be one of the triggers of chemical-induced asthma (Holsapple et al, 2006;Arts and Kuper, 2007), epidemiological studies have suggested that IgE independent responses may also be involved . The available data thus suggest that increase in total serum IgE is related to immune reactions, but itself can not be used as an indicator to discriminate between respiratory and contact sensitizers, at least in dermally sensitized mice.…”

Detection of respiratory allergies caused by environmental chemical allergen via measures of hyper-activation and degranulation of mast cells in lungs of NC/Nga mice

“…Thus, this protocol could be an effective alternative model for identification of allergic respiratory disorders induced by environmental small particulate chemicals based on inflammatory responses in the lung. Indeed, few reports have described methods combining a sensitization phase and inhalation challenge because of the requirements for intricate equipment, long experimentation times, and high costs (Arts & Kuper 2007). Thus, our protocol represents a substantial advancement as a novel method composed of both the sensitization and inhalation challenge phases, as well as examination of lung inflammation.…”

The hair dyes PPD and PTD fail to induce a TH2 immune response following repeated topical application in BALB/c mice

“…However, no validated (or even standardized) predictive model exists for the assessment of immediate-type chemical allergens and with current knowledge, neither is it known if potency determined in a LLNA is a good predictor for immediate-type allergens (Arts and Kuper, 2007;Boverhof et al, 2008). Therefore, we chose to test PPD and PTD in an exposure regimen in BALB/c mice where the antigen-specific hypersensitivity response to the contact allergens 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) was T H 2-like upon five repeated topical applications within 12 or 28 days (Dearman et al, 1996;Nagai et al, 1997;Warbrick et al, 1998).…”