Animal Models of Fibromyalgia

Assessment of the therapeutic potential of lutein and beta-carotene nanodispersions in a rat model of fibromyalgia

“…The reserpine animal model is widely recognized as the most commonly employed animal model for FM due to its numerous validities for human disease compared to other animal models 34 , 35 . However, Further investigation of the other models could provide more evidence of the efficacy of the present therapeutic formulations.…”

“…In this model, rats are treated with reserpine, which leads to the development of muscle hypersensitivity and other symptoms that resemble FM in humans. This model has been used to study the role of monoamine neurotransmitters in the development of FM and to evaluate potential treatments that target these neurotransmitters mainly by inhibiting the activity of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) and increasing the oxidative stress in nerve cells 32 , 34 , 35 .…”

“…The intramuscular acidic saline injection model is another commonly used model that uses repeated injections of acidic saline into the gastrocnemius muscle to develop widespread pain 34 , 35 . Another animal model of FM is the intermittent cold stress model as rats are exposed to repeated sudden changes from room temperature to a cold environment to develop several abnormal physiologies 34 , 35 . The sound stress model used the same concept of stress by using repeated unpredictable sounds with a different range of amplitudes and frequencies with reported weaknesses 34 , 35 .…”

“…Another animal model of FM is the intermittent cold stress model as rats are exposed to repeated sudden changes from room temperature to a cold environment to develop several abnormal physiologies 34 , 35 . The sound stress model used the same concept of stress by using repeated unpredictable sounds with a different range of amplitudes and frequencies with reported weaknesses 34 , 35 . Another animal model of FM is the repeated immobilization stress model.…”