Animal models for the study of primary and secondary hypertension in humans

Abstract

Hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is defined as systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP/DBP) >140 and 90 mmHg, respectively. Individuals with an SBP between 120 and 139, or DBP between 80 and 89 mmHg, are said to exhibit pre-hypertension. Hypertension can have primary or secondary causes. Primary or essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease caused by interacting environmental and polygenic factors. Secondary causes are renovascular hypertension, renal disease, endocrine disorders and other medical conditions. The aim of the present review article was to examine the different animal models that have been generated for studying the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying hypertension. Their advantages, disadvantages and limitations will be discussed.

Effect of Prolonged Infusion of Alamandine on Cardiovascular Parameters and Cardiac ACE2 Expression in a Rat Model of Renovascular Hypertension

“…It has been found that MrgD expression was higher in the hearts of hypertensive rats compared with those of normotensive rats, and Ang II treatment increased MrgD expression in cardiomyocytes. 13) It has recently been shown that hypertension increased PKA expression in the heart. PKA may be involved in cardiac hypertrophy and LV dysfunction, and alamandine decreased cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the PKA pathway.…”

“…PKA may be involved in cardiac hypertrophy and LV dysfunction, and alamandine decreased cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the PKA pathway. 13) Alamandine has an anti-fibrotic effect in cardiac muscle. 9) It has been shown, a significant decrease in the accumulation of collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin in isoproterenol-treated rats when they were given alamandine in a dose of 50 µg/kg daily.…”

“…12) Liu et al showed that long-term administration of alamandine had beneficial effects on hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy left ventricular functions in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). 13) SHR closely simulate primary or essential hypertension that represent normal renin, sodiumindependent model of hypertension. 14) However, renovascular hypertension is the most common cause of secondary hypertension.…”

“…13) SHR closely simulate primary or essential hypertension that represent normal renin, sodiumindependent model of hypertension. 14) However, renovascular hypertension is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The hypertension resulting from activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and subsequent production of AngII.…”

Annona muricata Linn leaves or Curcuma longa Linn Rhizomes Ameliorates Oxidative Stress Associated with Hypertension in Uninephrectomized Wistar Rats Daily Loaded with Sodium Chloride

“…Chronic degenerative diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular and cancer) have reached epidemic proportions and are considered a serious health problem; therefore, the treatments of these diseases are of clinical importance [32]. In this study, hypertension was induced by unilateral nephrectomy and daily loading with sodium chloride (1%) which resulted in renal hypertension [33,34]. Annona muricata L. (Family: Annonaceae) and Curcuma longa (Family: Curcubitaceae) demonstrated potent antihypertensive properties evidenced by the reversal of the elevated blood pressure, restoration of antioxidants and reduction of oxidants generated in the induced hypertensive state.…”